GLOSSARY

Glossary of Money

The words of monetary history, restated for readers who are not specialists. Each term carries a one-sentence answer and a door into the courses where it appears.

461 terms

Measuring（43）

bullion Metal that has stopped being a coin.
clipping Shaving metal from the edge of a coin to steal it.
Compound Interest A calculation where interest is earned on interest. Principal × (one + annual interest rate) raised to the power of the number of years.
Consumer Price Index An index that aggregates the prices of goods and services purchased by households to measure monthly price movements.
conversion Putting things of different units onto one and the same measure.
copper A cheap metal, easy to work. Used for small change.
Denominator The "in relation to what" part of a ratio. The base number for "double," "half," or "30%".
Diversification The practice of holding different types of assets rather than concentrating on a single one.
effective rate Not the official line, but what is actually the case.
electrum An alloy in which gold and silver are mixed by nature.
face value The value written on the coin, laid down by the system.
Fee Money deducted as payment for transactions or custody. A cost not always apparent on the price tag.
fineness The proportion of gold or silver in a metal, based on weight.
gold A metal that does not rust, is soft, and is scarce.
gold and silver A way of speaking of gold and silver together.
gold content Weight × fineness, said of a gold coin.
gold, the shining kind Gold, especially where what is meant is its shine or its wealth.
grain An English and American unit of weight. One grain is about 0.0648 grams.
kan A unit of a thousand cash coins strung together.
Law of Large Numbers The law stating that as the number of trials increases, the average of the results will approach the true value. The foundation of insurance.
market rate The price actually being paid in the market.
metal Matter that gives back light and spreads when it is struck.
monme A Japanese unit of weight. One monme is about 3.75 grams.
nominal The value written on the face, laid down by the system.
output Metal coming out of a mine; also the amount of it.
par The rate the system lays down. Not the same as the market rate.
Point A unit expressing the difference between two percentages. The difference between 1% and 2% is one point.
precious metal Gold, silver and the like: metals that hold their value without rusting.
Principal The original amount of money deposited or borrowed. The core amount, excluding interest and fees.
purity Freedom from admixture. In coinage it is called fineness.
ratio The rate of exchange between two metals, such as gold and silver.
real value The value of the metal itself. Melt it and you have it.
Risk The degree to which an outcome is not predetermined, with the potential for both gains and losses.
silver More plentiful than gold, and suited to everyday money.
silver content Weight × fineness. The silver actually present.
Simple interest A calculation where interest accrues only on the principal. Principal × (1 + annual interest rate × number of years).
standard The public rule for how a single coin is to be made.
tolerance The margin of deviation from the standard that is allowed in advance.
troy ounce A unit for weighing precious metal. One troy ounce is about 31.1 grams.
wear The slow loss of metal as a coin passes from hand to hand.
weighing Using money by weighing it each time, not by its face value.
weight The mass of a single coin.
yardstick The thing against which something else is measured.

Making（36）

alloy Several metals mixed together.
alloy metal The cheap metal, such as copper, mixed into gold or silver.
assay Testing how much gold or silver a metal holds.
Billon A low-fineness alloy of silver and copper. Used for provincial silver coins and medieval small-denomination coins.
casting Making coins by pouring molten metal into a mould.
copper cash The small everyday coin made of copper.
copper coin A coin made of copper.
counterfeiting Making coins that pass for genuine ones.
Cupellation A refining process to extract silver by melting it with lead. It was introduced to the Iwami Ginzan Silver Mine and boosted Japan's silver production.
currency coin An ordinary coin, of the kind that really circulated.
debasement Making the coinage over again with less metal in it.
die The metal punch that drives the design into a coin.
die link The connection between coins that share the same die.
edge device The milling or lettering put on the edge of a coin.
enlargement Coins growing larger and heavier over time.
factory A place where machines are set up to make many of the same thing.
large silver coin A silver coin big enough to feel heavy in the palm.
machine A contrivance that moves without human strength.
melting down Melting a coin back into a lump of metal.
milled Struck by machine rather than by human force.
Milled coinage A method of making coins with rolling and striking machines. It added a reeded edge to prevent clipping and ended a thousand years of hammered coinage.
mint The place where coins are made.
mint mark A small mark showing where a coin was made.
mother coin The model coin used to make the mould.
mould The coin-shaped form into which molten metal is poured.
Patio process A silver refining method established in 1554. It involved spreading and mixing powdered ore and mercury in a courtyard, opening the way to extract silver even from low-grade ores.
printing The craft of making a plate and striking off many copies.
private minting Making coins without authority from the government.
punch mark Driving a mark into the face of the metal; also the mark itself.
recall Calling in the coin that is already out in the world.
recoinage Making the coinage over again.
Restrike The practice of striking a coin in a later year with the same design and date. It is a standard practice for trade coins.
state mint The office through which a state makes all its coin in one place.
striking Making coins by driving a metal die with a hammer.
technique An established way of making something.
trial A third party checking that finished coins meet the standard.

Reading（24）

acceptance That people take the coin.
catalogue A list of coins set out by kind and given numbers.
Chop mark A small verification stamp applied by the recipient as proof of inspection. Refers to the way silver coins were handled in China.
classification Sorting things as alike or unlike by a chosen criterion.
coat of arms A fixed device standing for a family or a city.
coin name The name a cash coin carries on its own face.
condition How far a coin has survived unworn and undamaged.
currency That the coin is in fact taken by others.
date The year of striking, cut into the coin.
design The design and arrangement of a coin taken as a whole.
diameter The width of a coin across.
Double-headed eagle The national coat of arms of an eagle looking to the East and West. In Russia, it disappeared in 1917, and an eagle with different details returned after 1992.
iconography The design cut into a coin: a face, a beast, a coat of arms.
inscription The lettering itself.
legend The lettering struck on a coin.
obverse The front of a coin. Usually the side that names the issuer.
plate book A book of photographs and plates, made to be looked at.
portrait A person's face cut into a coin.
profile A face seen from the side. Most coin portraits are like this.
provenance The record of whose hands a given coin has passed through.
reverse The back of a coin, where value and mint are given.
script style How the letters are formed. The same coin name is written differently.
specimen Not a photograph or a drawing: a coin you can hold.
type A classification of currency based on features such as design, legend, denomination, and issuing authority.

Institutions（147）

£sd An accounting system where 1 pound = 20 shillings = 240 pence. The pound originated not as a coin, but as a unit of weight and account.
20 Gulden standard The standard of one Cologne Mark of fine silver = 20 Gulden. The backbone of the Conventionsthaler.
account Counting and recording money as it comes and goes.
Account A record of money deposited in a bank. The balance figure is a debt the bank owes to you.
Adult Guardianship A system where someone manages property and other affairs on behalf of a person with diminished judgment.
alliance A promise of common action among states or cities.
army A body organised for fighting.
Ausgleich The Compromise of 1867. The establishment of the Austro-Hungarian Dual Monarchy.
Bancor A supranational currency envisioned by Keynes. It was a proposal to place a currency belonging to no single country at the center of global settlements.
bank A system that mediates payments on a ledger and creates deposits when it makes loans.
bank note A paper issued by a bank promising to pay.
bill A paper saying when and how much will be paid.
bill of exchange A bill that has payment made in a distant place, in another currency.
bimetallism A system making both gold and silver the ground of value.
borrowing Taking money on a promise to return it.
Bretton Woods The post-war monetary order settled at the end of the Second World War.
Capital controls A wall restricting withdrawals of deposits and foreign currency, and transfers abroad.
central bank The bank that answers last for the quantity of money and for banks' payments.
clearing Setting mutual debts against each other and paying only the difference.
Closed currency area A system in which only a dedicated local currency circulates within a region. Egypt under Roman rule maintained this for about 300 years.
coin Money made of metal.
coinage act A law laying down the terms of the money.
collateral Property set aside to be handed over if the debt is not paid.
collection Levying and gathering in taxes or dues.
Consumption tax A tax added to the price at the time of purchase. In Japan, the rate is 10%, with a reduced rate of 8% for items such as groceries.
convertibility That a note taken to the issuer is changed for gold or silver.
Cooling-off period A system that allows a contract to be cancelled without reason within a specified period.
cost What money it takes to do a thing.
Crypto-asset An electronic asset issued by a system that is neither a state nor a bank, which records transfers through computation.
Cumulative Acquisition Tax A system that combines inheritance and gifts, levying tax on the accumulated assets a person receives over their lifetime.
currency The money actually current in a given country or region.
Currency Protection Law The law for the Second Austrian Currency Reform of November 1947.
debt What must be paid back.
decimal system Counting in which the place rises by tens.
Deferral Delaying the age at which you start receiving your pension. The monthly amount increases.
Demonetization A measure to withdraw specific banknotes or coins from circulation. In 2016, India's 500 and 1,000 rupee notes were demonetized.
deposit Money deposited in a bank. On the ledger, it is a debt the bank owes to you.
Deposit Insurance A public system that protects depositors' money up to a certain amount in the event of a bank failure.
discipline Settling in advance not to do what one could do.
Dissolution of the Zaibatsu The dissolution of Zaibatsu headquarters and shareholdings, carried out under the occupation from 1945.
edict An order given by a sovereign.
Electronic Money Money used at stores by converting a prepaid amount into an electronic record. Trust in the issuer is a prerequisite.
ERM European Exchange Rate Mechanism. A system to keep currencies around a central rate before their entry into the Euro.
exchange Exchanging one currency for another; also the rate of it.
Exchange deadline The dark side of redenomination. For those who missed the deadline, their banknotes became mere paper.
Fixed exchange rate A system that keeps the exchange rate at a fixed level. A form of anchor.
fixing Settling that something shall not move.
Floating exchange rate system A system where the price of a currency is determined by the daily market, not by government promises. Major currencies shifted to this in 1973.
Forced tender A measure that suspends the convertibility of banknotes and legally compels their acceptance.
Foreign Debt Government bonds borrowed from foreign investors. The Ottomans began issuing them in 1854.
Foreign Exchange Reserves Currency reserves held by a central bank. In the post-Cold War world, much of these have been held in dollars.
Free coinage A system where the mint strikes brought-in bullion into coin.
Funded system A system where you accumulate and invest your own contributions, which you then receive later.
Gabelle An inescapable consumption tax from the royal salt monopoly. It became the most hated tax until the Revolution.
Gift The act of giving money or property to a person without expectation of return. It is subject to taxation thresholds.
giro Paying by moving figures in a ledger, without moving cash.
Gold Exchange A system that backs a currency with gold-denominated assets rather than physical gold. A tool of the shadow gold standard.
gold standard Settling the value of money by gold.
government The body that runs a state.
government bond The bond of debt a state issues.
Government bond underwriting When bankers purchase a country's debt certificates in bulk and then sell them to investors.
Great Recoinage The complete recoinage of silver coins beginning in 1696. A costly state project carried out in line with Locke's theory of maintaining the old par value.
Hard currency policy The post-war Austrian practice of pegging the schilling to the mark.
Holding Company Liquidation Commission An agency established in August 1946 that took over and sold off the stock holdings of the zaibatsu.
Income Tax A tax levied on one year's income. It is often structured in brackets, with higher rates applying to higher levels of income.
inconvertible The state of not being exchangeable for gold or silver.
Indefinite Exchange The Deutsche Mark can still be exchanged for euros indefinitely today. Even when a currency is withdrawn, the promise lives on.
Inheritance The act of family members or others succeeding to the assets and debts of a deceased person.
Inheritance tax A tax levied on property inherited when a person dies. In Japan, it was introduced in 1905.
institution The framework of a society's settled rules.
Insurance premium Money paid periodically by the insured for pensions, medical care, long-term care, and private insurance.
interest The amount added on when borrowed money is paid back.
issuance Making money and putting it out into the world.
Katoku-sōzoku (house succession) A form of inheritance in pre-war Japan where the eldest son solely inherited the position of the head of the household and its property.
land Property that cannot be moved.
Latin Monetary Union A French-led attempt by several countries to share the franc standard. There was no common central bank.
ledger The record of who owes how much to whom.
legal tender Currency that cannot be refused by the recipient as settlement for a payment, up to the limit stipulated by law.
lender of last resort The office of lending when no one else will lend.
Limping standard A state where silver coins continue to circulate despite being detached from their bullion value. A "one-legged standard."
Maastricht Treaty The 1992 treaty that established the path to the single currency, the euro.
mint act A law laying down how coins are to be made and to what standard.
monetary sovereignty The power to settle one's own country's money oneself.
monetary union An agreement among states to hold their coinage to one standard.
money What is used to pay, serves as the measure of value, and can be stored.
money changer The trade of exchanging one sort of coin for another.
money changing Trading one sort of money for another.
Money lending business The business of lending money. In Japan, registration is required.
Mortgage A long-term loan taken out to purchase a home. The home serves as collateral.
nengu In Japan, a tax paid mainly in kind, above all in rice.
paper money Money made by writing a face value on paper.
parliament The assembly that consents to taxes and to spending.
Pay-as-you-go system A system where premiums paid by current workers finance the pensions of current recipients.
payment Handing over price or debt and so ending an obligation.
Pension A system for receiving a fixed amount of money periodically in old age or in case of disability. There are public and private pensions.
Policy Rate A short-term interest rate guided by the central bank. The subject of "rate hikes" and "rate cuts."
Policy Reserve Funds that an insurance company sets aside to cover future claims.
Principal guarantee A promise that the deposited amount will not decrease. The key points are who provides the guarantee and to what extent.
privilege A right granted to certain persons alone.
Prohibition of Usury A rule of the medieval Christian church that made it a sin to lend money and charge interest.
promise Settling to make good later.
public debt The instrument by which a government borrows widely from private hands.
public finance The management of a state's income and outlay.
Public pension A pension operated by the state under law. Japan has a two-tiered system consisting of the National Pension and the Employees' Pension.
ransom Money paid to have a captive given back.
redenomination Cutting down the unit in which a currency is counted.
Registration The act of listing the qualification to operate a business in a national or local government register. It can be verified in the register.
Remittance Sending money from one account to another, or through a service provider.
reparations What a beaten country pays to the country that beat it.
Repayment The act of returning borrowed money, along with interest, by a set due date.
reserve Gold, silver or foreign money kept on hand to meet demands to pay.
reserve currency The currency used in common in the trade of the world.
restoration Setting up again a framework that has broken.
reward Land or goods given in return for service.
royal authority The power a king holds to rule.
Royal Charter A royal letter of patent. In 1535, one authorized the first mint in the New World in Mexico City.
Schilling Accounting Law Law of December 20, 1924. The basis for the currency conversion from the Krone to the Schilling.
seigniorage The gap between what a coin costs to make and its face value; the issuer's share.
settlement Bringing a payment finally to an end.
silver standard Settling the value of money by silver.
Single Whip Method A Ming tax system implemented nationwide by Zhang Juzheng in 1581. It consolidated various taxes and corvée labor into a single payment in silver.
soldier One who fights in an army.
source of revenue Where the money is to be got from.
sovereignty The power to settle matters finally within a territory.
specie Coin whose face value is backed by the metal it is made of.
Stabilization Plan 1959, a turning point that devalued the currency to a single rate of sixty pesetas to the dollar and opened up trade and foreign investment.
Stablecoin A crypto-asset backed by reserve assets to match its value to a currency such as the dollar.
standard The ground on which the value of money is settled.
statutory Laid down by law.
Suiko A system in ancient Japan where temples or the state lent rice plants or goods and collected interest. It was the earliest form of moneylending.
suspension Breaking off, for now, what had been going on.
Suspension of convertibility A measure to stop the exchange of banknotes for specie. It marked the entrance to the age of paper currency.
Suspension of payments A declaration of state treasury "bankruptcy." It was not an annihilation, but a restructuring of payment obligations.
Taille A permanent direct tax to maintain a standing army. The nobility and clergy were exempt.
Tax Money collected by national or local governments from income, purchases, and property at a rate determined by law.
taxation A state taking money or goods from those it rules.
territorial state One of the separate states standing within a single empire.
the gold standard A system tying the value of a currency to a set weight of gold.
token coin A small coin for paying odd amounts.
treasury The strongroom and the office through which a state's money passes.
treaty A written promise made between states.
Uncollateralized Overnight Call Rate The interest rate at which banks lend and borrow from each other overnight without collateral. Japan's policy interest rate.
unification Gathering what is scattered into one.
vault The stout container in which precious metal or cash is kept.
War Bonds A loan from the people to finance war expenses. Another tap alongside the printing of more money.
war finance What a war costs.
weighed currency Money used by weight rather than by count.

Phenomena（55）

a great quantity A large amount.
Agio The difference in value between specie and paper money. A thermometer of credit.
bad money Money with less inside it, and so of poorer worth.
bank run Depositors crowding in all at once to draw their money out.
bankruptcy Being unable to pay.
barter Trading goods directly for goods, without money.
Black Wednesday September 16, 1992. The day the pound was forced to withdraw from the ERM, as even a two-step interest rate hike could not stop speculative selling.
border The line between one country and another.
Canon of literacy A religious precept requiring literacy for males. In economic history, it is considered a key to the hypothesis explaining occupational transitions.
Cashless The spread of payments without cash. A background to the decline in coin circulation.
Chronic inflation A rise in prices that does not flare up suddenly but continues over several decades.
circulation Money going on passing from hand to hand.
coin shortage That there is not money enough in the world for its dealings.
collapse A framework ceasing to hold together.
commerce The trade carried on with far places.
confidence That the framework itself is believed in.
credit That one is believed good for payment later.
crisis The state of a framework coming to the point where it cannot hold.
Currency division The division of a single currency area by means of banknotes.
deflation Prices going on falling.
disorder The state in which order has been lost.
Dual pricing The separation of prices into specie and paper money values. A sign that the depreciation of paper money has become commonplace.
exchanging Giving one thing for another.
export Selling goods to a foreign country.
fear Dread.
finance The making of money available; the whole arrangement of lending and borrowing.
Fraud Deceiving people to make them hand over money or property. The methods change, but the patterns do not.
frenzy People losing their heads and rushing all one way.
good money Money of sure content, and so of real worth.
great fair The large market held at set seasons, drawing merchants from afar.
Gresham's law The rule of thumb known as: bad money drives out good.
Hard Currency A currency that is unlikely to depreciate.
hoarding Putting money away rather than spending it.
hyperinflation Prices rising at a pace that can no longer be got hold of.
inflation Prices going on rising; money going on losing value.
invention Bringing into being an arrangement or a tool that was not there before.
Kipper- und Wipperzeit A monetary crisis where states, pressed for funds during the Thirty Years' War, rushed en masse into debasement.
Loss Aversion A mental bias where the pain of losing is felt more intensely than the pleasure of gaining an equivalent amount.
market The place where sellers and buyers meet and prices are made.
panic Credit shrinking all at once and the economy stopping short.
plunder Taking by force.
price The value set upon a single thing.
Price Revolution The long-term price rise in 16th-century Europe. It was a gradual and sustained increase of roughly fourfold over a hundred years.
prices The height of the prices of things taken as a whole.
Refund scam A method of fraud that involves feigning a tax refund to trick someone into operating a machine to transfer money to the perpetrator's account.
Spanish Fury The tragedy in 1576 when the king's army, deprived of pay due to a suspension of payments, sacked Antwerp.
Strong Yen When the value of the yen rises against other currencies. The amount of foreign currency that can be purchased with the same 10,000 yen increases.
supply The quantity that comes onto the market.
trade Buying and selling across the borders of states.
transaction A dealing of buying and selling or of lending and borrowing.
trust Believing another person.
value How much a thing is worth.
wages The money paid for work.
worth Value, in the everyday way of putting it.
Yen depreciation A fall in the value of the yen relative to other currencies. The amount of foreign currency that can be purchased with the same 10,000 yen decreases.

Research（20）

association Being found together, in one and the same place.
burial date About when a given hoard was put into the ground.
competing views Several accounts, none of them settled.
distribution The spread of where things are, and how many.
document A written record made at the time.
excavated Coming to light out of the ground.
figure A character standing for a number.
historical source The record or object of the time, by which the past is known.
hoard A group of coins buried together and found together.
Lead Isotope Ratio The fingerprint of lead contained in metal, which differs by place of origin.
monetary history The history of how money has changed.
Nenkin Teiki Bin An annual notification sent during one's birth month, detailing pension records and estimated benefits in Japan.
numismatics The study that reads history using coins themselves as evidence.
origin The land where a thing was made, or from which it came.
primary source A record left by those present at the event or by their own age.
sample The part taken out in order to know the whole.
secondary source Something written in a later age on the basis of other records.
source criticism Weighing how far a given record can be believed.
statistics Gathering numbers and looking at the tendency of the whole.
verification Going to the evidence to see whether it is really so.

Names of money（62）

Alpendollar "Alpine Dollar". A nickname for the stable interwar Schilling.
assignat The paper money issued during the French Revolution.
bakufu The government by which the warrior houses ruled Japan.
cent A small unit meaning a hundredth part.
Continental currency The North American paper money issued to pay for the War of Independence.
daalder What the thaler was called in the Low Countries.
daler The form the word thaler took when it entered English.
Decadrachm A large silver coin equivalent to ten drachms. Those from Syracuse are considered the pinnacle of beauty in ancient coinage.
denarius The silver coin of ancient Rome, ancestor of the silver of the West.
denier The small silver coin of medieval France.
dinar The gold coin of the Islamic world.
Dirham A silver coin of the Islamic world. This coin facilitated both market transactions and accounting.
dollar The currency of the United States. The reserve currency of our day.
ducat The gold coin issued by Venice and others. It passed widely in Mediterranean trade.
écu A French gold coin, and later the name of a silver one.
Efimok The Russian name for a thaler, derived from the first part of the name Joachim.
Einlösungsscheine New notes exchanged for Bancozettel at a five-to-one ratio. The substance of the Vienna Currency.
Escudo A new Spanish gold coin introduced in 1537. Fineness of twenty-two carats, sixty-eight pieces to a mark. It became the standard for subsequent gold coins.
euro The currency shared by many countries of Europe.
Florin A gold coin with a lily, struck by Florence in 1252. Imitated in many regions as a standard for international payments, it became the etymological origin of the Gulden.
franc The currency of France.
Franc Germinal A decimal currency that returned to metal after paper money failed twice. Its standard remained unchanged for over a century.
Germinal A month of the revolutionary calendar; the franc struck to that standard.
gold coin Money made of gold, used for large payments.
Groschen A medieval name derived from "thick coin." It was reintroduced as one-hundredth of a Schilling.
guinea An English gold coin, named after the gold of Africa.
gulden The currency used in the Low Countries and elsewhere.
Guldengroschen A large silver coin issued in 1486 by Archduke Sigismund of Tyrol at the Hall mint. It represented the value of one gold gulden in silver.
Joachimsthaler A large silver coin struck from around 1520 in a silver mining valley in Bohemia. Named after the valley, it was shortened to Thaler.
koban The oval gold coin of Japan.
Konventionstaler The standard silver coin for the southern region, established by Austria and Bavaria in 1753. The unification of standards supported order.
livre The French unit used for reckoning.
livre, spelt otherwise Another way of writing livre.
maravedí A small unit, also used for reckoning, long current in Spain.
Maria Theresa Thaler A silver coin bearing the portrait of the Empress. It is the queen of trade coins, circulating in the Middle East and Africa until the 20th century.
mark The currency of Germany. It first meant a unit of silver weight.
Military currency Banknotes issued by an occupying force.
money of account A unit that exists only to be written in the books, never held in the hand.
Para A former small silver unit. In modern Turkish, it is the word for "money" itself.
pence The plural of penny.
penny The small English silver coin; later of copper.
peseta The currency of modern Spain.
pfennig The small German coin.
pound The currency of Britain. It first meant one pound weight of silver.
real The unit of the Spanish silver coinage.
Rentenmark The German currency issued to stop prices running away.
Rhenish Gulden A gold coin jointly issued by the Rhenish Electors under a monetary union. A model of "bottom-up" monetary integration.
Sceatta Small silver coins that appeared at the end of the 7th century, replacing gold coins. They attest to the expansion of the North Sea trade network.
Sestertius A Roman brass coin. It was also used as a unit of account.
shilling An English unit, worth twelve pence.
silver coin Money made of silver. For most of history it was the main actor.
solidus The gold coin of later Rome. It held its fineness for a long time.
sovereign An English gold coin.
Spanish dollar The large Spanish silver coin, made from the silver of the New World.
sterling The word marking the English fineness of silver.
stuiver The small coin of the Netherlands.
Tetradrachm A four-drachma silver coin. The Athenian owl was called the first international currency.
thaler The large silver coin of central Europe.
tournois The way of naming the coinage of the Tours line.
Vereinsthaler A common German-Austrian silver coin meaning "Union Taler." It survived until the unification of Germany and later continued to circulate as 3 marks.
Wadō kaichin The copper coin made in ancient Japan.
Wampum Beads polished from sea shells. An object for indigenous ceremony, record-keeping, and diplomacy, its role as currency expanded through contact with colonists.

People & places（62）

Abdülmecid The sultan at the time of the first issue of the Kaime. The eras of recoinage and paper money coincided during his reign.
Amsterdam A city of the Netherlands, where modern banking and the exchange grew up.
Antwerp A trading city of the Low Countries.
banker One whose trade is to lend money and to take it in keeping.
Bohemia A region of central Europe, known for its silver mines.
Caesar A statesman and general of ancient Rome.
Carolingian The royal house of the Frankish kingdom in the early Middle Ages.
Castile A kingdom of the Iberian peninsula, the core of what became Spain.
city A place where people and goods gather.
colony Land abroad that a mother country ruled and worked.
company An organisation that gathers capital and carries on a business.
Consumer Hotline The telephone number, 188, that connects to consumer consultation services in Japan.
Court Agent A title given to merchants entrusted with a monarch's finances and procurement. The founder of the Rothschild family obtained it in 1769.
Court Jew Jewish financiers who managed the finances of monarchs in the absolutist states of Central Europe from the late sixteenth century.
craftsman One who makes things by hand.
Creditanstalt Austria's largest bank, founded in 1855. It announced its insolvency on May 11, 1931.
Crimean War A war from 1853–56. It triggered the first foreign loan issued by the Ottoman Empire.
Dhow A lateen-sailed vessel of the Red Sea and Indian Ocean. A carrier of silver coins.
Edo A Japanese city, the seat of the warrior government.
emperor The sovereign who rules an empire.
empire A state binding many peoples and regions under one rule.
Erzgebirge A mountain range in Bohemia. Around 1516, rich silver veins were discovered, and St. Joachim's Valley rapidly grew into a silver mining city.
exchange The place where dealings in goods and securities gather and prices are made.
Flanders The southern part of the Low Countries, rich in cloth and trade.
Florence A city of Italy, known for its gold coin and its banks.
Franks The people who built a kingdom in western Europe.
Fudasashi Merchants in Kuramae, Edo, who converted the rice stipends of hatamoto and gokenin samurai into cash and provided loans using the warehoused rice as collateral.
Fugger A family of merchants and bankers of southern Germany.
Ghetto A city district where Jewish people were forced to live. The district in Frankfurt was created in 1460 and is considered the first in Europe.
Gresham A sixteenth-century English merchant and financier.
Habsburg A royal house that spread from central Europe as far as Spain.
Holland The province that came to be the heart of the Netherlands.
independence Leaving the rule of another country and becoming a state that decides for itself.
Kariage Moneylenders of the Kamakura period. Gokenin vassals would borrow money by pawning their domains or armor.
Kimon An engraver who inscribed his name on the coins of Syracuse. A rare example of the maker's name remaining on the coin's surface.
Low Countries The region answering to today's Netherlands and Belgium.
Lydia A kingdom of Asia Minor, held to be where the earliest coins were made.
Manila Galleon The regular shipping route between Acapulco and Manila. For 250 years, it carried silver westward and silk and porcelain eastward.
manor The medieval holding of land ruled by a lord.
merchant One who lives by buying goods and selling them.
mine The place from which metal is dug.
Napoleon A French soldier and emperor.
Newton An English scholar, who also headed the mint.
port The place where ships put in and cargo is loaded and unloaded.
Potosí The silver mountain of South America. It changed the flow of the world's silver.
province A region outside the homeland that an empire ruled.
Prussia A state of northern Germany, later the centre of German unification.
republic A state with no monarch, ruled by the representatives of its citizens.
revolution The framework of politics changing from the root.
settlement Moving to another land and making a living from it.
shipping Carrying goods and people by ship.
silver mine A mine from which silver is dug.
Successor State Countries born from the dissolution of an empire. They started out with the same Krone banknotes.
temple A building in which a god is honoured.
the Church The body of the Christian religion.
the imperial court The government of Japan centred on the emperor.
the Islamic world The world of faith and culture spread from western Asia to north Africa.
the New World The Americas, as seen from Europe.
trading house Trade carried on as an organisation; the forerunner of the company.
Vienna City Bank Issuer of the Bancozettel. An institution that stood between the state treasury and the city.
War of Independence The war the North American colonies fought to leave the mother country.
Zaibatsu A pre-war Japanese corporate group in which a single family controlled numerous companies through a holding company.

This school（12）

axis One of five ways of putting the material in order.
course The unit of teaching here. One question, one course.
cross-cutting Seeing the same structure across countries and across ages.
edition A continuous reading gathered by country or by theme.
failure What did not come out well.
material The text one reads in order to learn.
mechanism The working order by which a thing comes out as it does.
memory What is remembered.
purse The container in which coins are carried about.
stop The smallest single piece of the reading material.
this school A way of naming this school, that is NOMISMA itself.
tool A thing used in order to do something.

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