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assay

試金　—　Making

Testing how much gold or silver a metal holds.

Portugal — Why they went to sea (4) / A desk of voyage accounts
Portugal　Why they went to sea (4) ／ A desk of voyage accounts

There are several methods, such as melting a portion or rubbing it on a touchstone. Mints would assay the coins they produced and keep records of the results. These records now serve as primary sources for modern research.