SOURCE ROOM
Source Materials Room
This is the register of sources cited in the main text by this school. One line per source. The author records what was read, when, and to what extent. From here, you can trace which claims in the text are supported by which parts of which sources.
338 items
How to read the verification levels. "Read Through" means the source was read in its entirety. "Bibliography & Abstract Read" means the bibliographic information and abstract were confirmed. "Via Course Material" means the source was referenced through the textbook or course text. The "Text Hash" is the SHA-256 of the main text from the publisher's page, excluding tags and whitespace, used to detect if the source has been modified.
| Institution/Author | Title | Publication | Verification Level |
|---|---|---|---|
| "Junius" (anonymous) — Paris: Imprimerie d'A. René et Cie, rue de Seine 32, 1846 (copy from Internet Archive). | Grand procès entre Rothschild Ier, roi des Juifs, et Satan dernier, roi des imposteurs — Arrêt rendu sur le réquisitoire de Junius, rapporteur général（1846）Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | 1846 | Read (read through the text of the copy; claims are within that scope) |
| "Vel Quasi" (pseudonym) — Wikisource transcription (VD17 3:622624M. Image from Wikimedia Commons) | Colloquium novum monetarum, Das ist: Ein schönes newes Gespräch Von dem jetzigen Vnertreglichem Geldauffsteigen / vnd elenden Zustandt des MüntzWesens (1621)Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | 1621 | Read (read through the full text of the transcription; claims are within that scope) |
| 110th Congress of the United States (published by the U.S. Government Publishing Office). | Public Law 110-343 — Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 (H.R. 1424, October 3, 2008)Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | 2008-10-03 | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| A. Piatt Andrew — Quarterly Journal of Economics 22(2) | Hoarding in the Panic of 1907Document・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | 1908-02 | Close reading (Read through the full text. Claims are within that scope). |
| A. Piatt Andrew — Quarterly Journal of Economics 22(4) | Substitutes for Cash in the Panic of 1907Document・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | 1908-08 | Close reading (Read through the full text. Claims are within that scope). |
| American Numismatic Society | About — American Numismatic SocietyDocument・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | — | Close reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are limited to what is stated in the text) |
| Andrew Odlyzko — University of Minnesota / SSRN（preliminary version, January 15, 2010） | Collective Hallucinations and Inefficient Markets: The British Railway Mania of the 1840sDocument・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | 2010-01 | Actual reading (read the Introduction, Chapters 10–11, Chapter 21, Conclusion, Table 2, and Notes 215–219. The claims are within that scope. The main body, Chapters 13–30, has not been read). |
| Anne Goldgar — University of Chicago Press | Tulipmania: Money, Honor, and Knowledge in the Dutch Golden AgeDocument・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | 2007 | Bibliography confirmed (Crossref: University of Chicago Press 2007). |
| Anne Goldgar（King's College London）— The Conversation | Tulip mania: the classic story of a Dutch financial bubble is mostly wrongDocument・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | 2018-02-12 | Read (full text). |
| Antoin E. Murphy — Oxford University Press | John Law: Economic Theorist and Policy-MakerDocument・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | 1997-06-26 | Bibliography confirmed (Crossref: Oxford University Press 1997). |
| Ashmolean Museum and Oxford Roman Economy Project, University of Oxford | Coin Hoards of the Roman Empire — ProjectData・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | — | Close reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are limited to what is stated in the text) |
| Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford | Heberden Coin Room — About the DepartmentDocument・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | — | Close reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are limited to what is stated in the text) |
| Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford, et al. | Roman Provincial Coinage Online — HomeData・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | — | Close reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are limited to what is stated in the text) |
| Bank for International Settlements | Annual Economic Report 2024, Chapter III: Artificial intelligence and the economy: implications for central banksDocument・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | 2024-06-25 | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| Bank for International Settlements | Annual Economic Report 2025, Chapter III: The next-generation monetary and financial systemDocument・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-03 | 2025-06-29 | Read |
| Bank for International Settlements — Alberto Di Iorio, Anneke Kosse, Ilaria Mattei | Embracing diversity, advancing together – results of the 2023 BIS survey on central bank digital currencies and crypto (BIS Papers No 147)Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | 2024-06-14 | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| Bank of England | Bank Rate history — Changes in Bank Rate, Minimum Lending Rate, Minimum Band 1 Dealing Rate, Repo Rate and Official Bank Rate（HISTORICAL SINCE 1694）Data・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | — | Perusal (downloaded the xls and read the rows for 1842–1850 from the HISTORICAL SINCE 1694 sheet with xlrd. The claims are within that scope). |
| Bank of England | The digital poundDocument・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | 2025-10-23 | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| Bank of England — Michael McLeay, Amar Radia, Ryland Thomas | Money creation in the modern economyDocument・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-03 | 2014-03-14 | Read |
| Bank of England (explainer) | Quantitative easing (What is quantitative easing?)Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-03 | 2025-12-05 | Read |
| Bank of England（explainer） | How is money created?Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-03 | 2019-10-01 | Read |
| Barthélemy Marmont du Hautchamp (La Haye: Pierre de Hondt, 1739) — Scan from Google Books (Internet Archive) | Histoire du Système des finances sous la minorité de Louis XV, pendant les années 1719 et 1720Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | 1739 | Direct reading (main text of Table des pièces and Pièces XIX・LXXXI–LXXXIV. OCR). |
| Bibliographisches Institut, Leipzig — Wikisource transcription. | Kipper und Wipper — Meyers Konversations-Lexikon, 4. Auflage, Band 9 (1887), S. 745Document・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | 1887 | Read (read through the full text of the entry. Claims are within that scope). |
| BIS — Robert N McCauley, Catherine R Schenk | Central bank swaps then and now: swaps and dollar liquidity in the 1960sDocument・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-03 | 2020-04-01 | Read (Introduction, Sections 2.1, 5, and 6. Section 4 includes part of 4.1). |
| Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System | Open Market Operations — FOMC's target federal funds rate or range, change (basis points) and level (2003〜)Data・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | — | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System | Federal Reserve Board discount rate action (August 17, 2007)Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | 2007-08-17 | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System | Federal Reserve and other central banks announce measures designed to address elevated pressures in short-term funding markets (December 12, 2007)Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | 2007-12-12 | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System | Federal Reserve announces two initiatives designed to bolster market liquidity and promote orderly market functioning (March 16, 2008)Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | 2008-03-16 | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System | Federal Reserve Board announces several initiatives to provide additional support to financial markets, including enhancements to its existing liquidity facilities (September 14, 2008)Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | 2008-09-14 | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System | Federal Reserve Board, with full support of the Treasury Department, authorizes the Federal Reserve Bank of New York to lend up to $85 billion to the American International Group (AIG) (September 16, 2008)Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | 2008-09-16 | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System | Federal Reserve Board announces two enhancements to its programs to provide liquidity to markets (September 19, 2008)Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | 2008-09-19 | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System | Federal Reserve announces it will initiate a program to purchase the direct obligations of housing-related GSEs and MBSDocument・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-03 | 2008-11-25 | Read |
| Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System | Credit and Liquidity Programs and the Balance Sheet: Crisis responseDocument・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-03 | 2021-05-10 | Read |
| Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System | H.4.1 Factors Affecting Reserve Balances (week ended August 26, 2026)Data・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-03 | 2026-08-27 | Read |
| Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System（FEDS Notes） | Repo Markets and the Fed’s Balance Sheet: Implications for Monetary Policy ImplementationDocument・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-03 | 2026-08-26 | Read |
| Carola Frydman, Eric Hilt, Lily Y. Zhou — Journal of Political Economy 123(4) | Economic Effects of Runs on Early "Shadow Banks": Trust Companies and the Impact of the Panic of 1907Document・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | 2015-08 | Bibliography confirmed (Crossref). |
| Carola Frydman, Eric Hilt, Lily Y. Zhou — National Bureau of Economic Research | Economic Effects of Runs on Early 'Shadow Banks': Trust Companies and the Impact of the Panic of 1907（NBER Working Paper 18264）Document・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | 2014-10 | Read (read through the abstract, introduction, Section 2, conclusion, and Table 1; claims are within that scope). |
| Charles Mackay — Scan from the Internet Archive. | Memoirs of Extraordinary Popular Delusions (vol. 1)Document・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | 1841 | Read in full (Vol. 1, pp. 4–73 "The Mississippi Scheme" and pp. 139–153 "The Tulipomania". OCR text. pp. 148–149 are missing from OCR). |
| Charles Mackay — London: Office of the National Illustrated Library, 1852 (scan from the Internet Archive). | Memoirs of Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds（2nd ed., vol. 1）Document・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | 1852 | Actual reading (read the end of the chapter on the South Sea Bubble and its notes. The claims are within that scope. Other chapters are not used for this case). |
| Charles P. Kindleberger — Journal of Economic History 51(1) | The Economic Crisis of 1619 to 1623Document・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | 1991-03 | Bibliography confirmed (Crossref). |
| Circle Internet Group | Transparency & Stability (USDC reserves)Digital・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-03 | 2026-08-31 | Read |
| CoinsWeekly（MünzenWoche） | Meyer Amschel Rothschild, court factor and coin dealerDocument・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | — | Close reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are limited to what is stated in the text) |
| Conseil d'État du Roi（Paris: Imprimerie royale, 1720）— BnF Gallica | Arrest du Conseil d'Estat du Roy, concernant les Billets de Banque, les Actions de la Compagnie des Indes, le Cours des Especes, et le prix des Matieres d'Or & d'Argent. Du 5. Mars 1720Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | 1720 | Read from the original (Gallica images f1, f3, f4: Title, Preamble, Articles 1–5. Articles 6 and onwards not read). |
| Conseil d'État du Roi（Paris: Imprimerie royale, 1720）— BnF Gallica, département Droit, économie, politique, F-21086 (35) | Arrest du Conseil d'Estat du Roy, concernant les Payemens faits en Billets de Banque, sur le pied de la Reduction portée par l'Arrest du 21. May 1720. Du 2. Juin 1720Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | 1720 | Read from the original (Gallica image f1: Title. The main text was read from the transcription in Du Hautchamp 1739). |
| Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) | Submit a complaintSystem・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | — | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) | Managing someone else’s money (guides for financial caregivers)Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | 2026-06-25 | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| D. Morier Evans — London: Letts, Son and Steer, 1848 (scan from the Internet Archive). | The Commercial Crisis 1847–1848: being facts and figures illustrative of the events of that important period, considered in relation to the three epochs of the Railway Mania, the Food and Money Panic, and the French RevolutionDocument・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | 1848 | Read (Read the course of events in 1845 and Spackman's tables from Part I "The Railway Mania," Dalhousie's speech, and the monthly accounts for 1847 from Part II. The claims are based on this scope. The price tables and appendix were not read). |
| Deutsche Bundesbank (exhibition commentary from the Money Museum, PDF 2 pages) | Das besondere Objekt: Die Kipper- und Wipperzeit von 1618 bis 1623Document・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | — | Read (read through the text of the copy; claims are within that scope) |
| Dictionary of National Biography (London: Smith, Elder, 1897; no author name listed) — transcription on Wikisource. | Rothschild, Nathan Meyer — Dictionary of National Biography, vol. 49（1897）Document・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | 1897 | Read (Read the full entry. Claims are within that scope). |
| e-Gov Law Search (Digital Agency) | Insurance Business Act (Act No. 105 of 1995)Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | — | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| e-Gov Law Search (Digital Agency) | Long-Term Care Insurance Act (Act No. 123 of 1997)Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | — | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| e-Gov Law Search (Digital Agency) | Health Insurance Act (Act No. 70 of 1922)Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | — | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| e-Gov Law Search (Digital Agency) | Act on Assurance of Medical Care for Elderly People (Act No. 80 of 1982)Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | — | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| e-Gov Law Search (Digital Agency) | Act on Regulation of Receiving of Capital Subscription, Deposits and Interest on Deposits (Act No. 195 of 1954)Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | — | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| e-Gov Laws and Regulations Search (Act No. 100, Shōwa 29) | Interest Rate Restriction ActDocument・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | — | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| Earl A. Thompson — Public Choice 130(1–2) | The tulipmania: Fact or artifact?Document・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | 2007-01 | Bibliography confirmed (Crossref). |
| Edward T. Newell (copy: Internet Archive, item coinageofdemetri00newe, SNS Library / Washington University Libraries) | The Coinages of Demetrius Poliorcetes（Edward T. Newell, London: Oxford University Press, 1927）Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | 1927 | Read (pp. 5–7 introduction, pp. 108–117 die charts and commentary for Amphipolis Series V–VI, read through pp. 162–169 on forgeries, hoards, and summary. Die charts on pp. 109–113 visually cross-checked against page images (copy _p109–_p114.png). Plates X–XIII: specimens cropped from full-size jp2 files) |
| *Encyclopædia Britannica*, 11th edition (Cambridge University Press, 1911) — transcription from Wikisource. | Rothschild — Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th ed., vol. 23（1911）Document・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | 1911 | Read (Read the full entry. Claims are within that scope). |
| Encyclopaedia Judaica（Jewish Virtual Library） | "Court Jews" (entry from Encyclopaedia Judaica, republished on Jewish Virtual Library)Document・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | — | Close reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are limited to what is stated in the text) |
| Ernst Heinrich Krelage — DBNL (Digital Library for Dutch Literature). | Bloemenspeculatie in Nederland. De Tulpomanie van 1636-'37 en de Hyacintenhandel van 1720-'36Document・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | 1942 | Read in full (Chapters I–VI and the bibliography 'Ter verantwoording'. The appendix with the list of varieties and the section on hyacinths were not read). |
| Ethan Gruber（American Numismatic Society, Web Services Developer） | Esty's die calculations and frequency visualizations added to CRRO（numishare blog, Ethan Gruber, 2022-07-08）Digital・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | 2022-07-08 | Read (the full text of the transcript. The formula itself is an image and not in the text, so the formula is not written in the claims). |
| European Central Bank | Digital euroDocument・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-03 | — | Read |
| European Central Bank | Study on the payment attitudes of consumers in the euro area (SPACE) – 2024Data・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | 2024-12-19 | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| European Central Bank (ECB) | What is inflation?Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | — | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| European Central Bank (explainer) | What is money?Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-03 | 2024-06-19 | Read |
| European Commission | European Consumer Centres Network - ECC NetDocument・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | — | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| European Commission (Finance) | Deposit guarantee schemesSystem・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | — | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| European Consumer Centres Network (ECC-Net) | European Consumer Centres Network — Consumer protection, free legal help and adviceSystem・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | — | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) | Deposit InsuranceSystem・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | — | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| Federal Open Market Committee | FOMC statement (September 18, 2007)Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | 2007-09-18 | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| Federal Open Market Committee | FOMC statement (December 16, 2008)Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-03 | 2008-12-16 | Read |
| Federal Reserve Bank of New York (Markets) | Repo and Reverse Repo AgreementsDocument・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-03 | — | Read |
| Federal Reserve Bank of New York (Reference Rates) | Secured Overnight Financing Rate DataDocument・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-03 | — | Read |
| Federal Reserve History（Jon R. Moen, Ellis W. Tallman） | The Panic of 1907Document・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | 2015-12-04 | Read (full text, notes, bibliography). |
| Federal Trade Commission (FTC), Consumer Advice | How To Avoid a ScamDocument・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | — | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission (United States, published by the Government Publishing Office) | The Financial Crisis Inquiry ReportDocument・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | — | Read |
| Financial Services Compensation Scheme (FSCS) | See how FSCS protects banks, building societies and credit unionsSystem・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | — | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| François de Callataÿ (copy: Institut d'Estudis Catalans, revistes.iec.cat) | L'estimation du nombre originel de coins: en augmentant l'échantillon…（François de Callataÿ, Acta Numismàtica 21–23 (1991–1993, Essays in honour of L. Villaronga), pp. 31–48）Document・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | 1993 | Read through (read the introduction pp. 31–35 and conclusion pp. 45–48. Checked the sample figures in the intermediate tables) |
| François de Callataÿ (copy: ORFEO — open repository of the Royal Library of Belgium KBR) | Quantifying monetary production in Greco-Roman times: a general frame（François de Callataÿ, in F. de Callataÿ (ed.), Quantifying Monetary Supplies in Greco-Roman Times, Pragmateiai 19, Bari: Edipuglia, 2011, pp. 7–29）Document・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | 2011 | Read through (read all 23 pages, including Tables 1-5 and notes) |
| François R. Velde — American Economic Review 97(2) | John Law's SystemDocument・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | 2007-05 | Bibliography confirmed (Crossref). |
| François R. Velde — Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, Working Paper 2003-31 | Government Equity and Money: John Law's System in 1720 FranceDocument・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | 2003-11-30 | Read in full (pp. 1–51. The separate appendix listing securities and their prices has not been obtained). |
| FWF Austrian Science Fund (research project page of the Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften) | Joseph Eckhel (1737-1798) and his numismatic network — FWF project P25282Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | — | Close reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are limited to what is stated in the text) |
| G5 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors (copy of the statement: University of Toronto G7 Information Centre). | Announcement the Ministers of Finance and Central Bank Governors of France, Germany, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States (Plaza Accord), September 22, 1985Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | 1985-09-22 | Closely read (read through paragraphs 1–18 of the copy's main text and Japan's policy intentions. Claims are based on that scope). |
| Gareth Campbell — Financial History Review 20(1) | Deriving the railway maniaDocument・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | 2013-04 | Perusal (read through the text and tables of the author's final draft, pp. 1–29. The claims are within that scope). |
| Gareth Campbell, John D. Turner — Business History Review 86(1) | Dispelling the Myth of the Naive Investor during the British Railway Mania, 1845–46Document・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | 2012 | Perusal (read the abstract, introduction, and primary market sections on 2026-09-04, and the rest of the text, tables 1–8, and notes on 2026-09-05. The claims are within that scope). |
| Gary B. Gorton, Andrew Metrick — National Bureau of Economic Research | Securitized Banking and the Run on Repo (NBER Working Paper 15223, August 2009)Document・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | 2009-08 | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| Gary Gorton, Andrew Metrick — Journal of Financial Economics 104(3) | Securitized banking and the run on repoDocument・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | 2012-06 | Bibliography confirmed (Crossref). |
| Gary Gorton, Ellis W. Tallman — National Bureau of Economic Research | How Did Pre-Fed Banking Panics End?（NBER Working Paper 22036）Document・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | 2016-02 | Read closely (read through the relevant sections and tables; claims are based on that scope). |
| Georges Dairnvaell (pen name "Satan") — Paris: chez l'éditeur, rue Colbert, 4 / Imprimerie de Madame de Lacombe, 1846 (e-rara copy of Rar 49026 held by ETH-Bibliothek Zürich) | Histoire édifiante et curieuse de Rothschild Ier, roi des Juifs, par Satan (4th edition, 1846)Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | 1846 | Read (Read all 35 pages of the e-rara copy. Checked page images for garbled OCR sections. Claims are within the scope of the text). |
| Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main | Digitales Münzkabinett der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt (MK-F) — Über unsData・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | — | Close reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are limited to what is stated in the text) |
| Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Institut für Archäologische Wissenschaften | Archäologie von Münze, Geld und von Wirtschaft in der AntikeDocument・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | — | Close reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are limited to what is stated in the text) |
| GOV.UK (UK Government). | Income Tax rates and Personal AllowancesDocument・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | — | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| GOV.UK (UK Government). | National Insurance: introductionDocument・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | — | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| GOV.UK (UK Government). | The new State Pension: What you'll getDocument・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | — | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| GOV.UK (UK Government). | VAT ratesDocument・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | — | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| House of Commons — Hansard 1803–2005（UK Parliament） | Railway Deposits — HC Deb 23 January 1846 vol 83 cc131–4Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | 1846-01-23 | Read (Read through the full text of the debate. Claims are based on this scope). |
| House of Commons — Hansard 1803–2005（UK Parliament） | Railway Bills — HC Deb 26 January 1846 vol 83 cc188–223Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | 1846-01-26 | Read (Read through Peel's speech, cc. 188–193. Subsequent debate read only for parts related to numbers). |
| House of Commons — Hansard 1803–2005（UK Parliament） | Standing Orders — Railway Deposits — HC Deb 29 January 1846 vol 83 cc371–8Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | 1846-01-29 | Read (Read through the full text of the debate. Claims are based on this scope). |
| House of Commons — Hansard 1803–2005（UK Parliament） | Commercial Distress — HC Deb 30 November 1847 vol 95 cc374–477Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | 1847-11-30 | Read (Read the opening of the Chancellor's speech, and the sections on the absorption of capital into corn and railways, the letter of 25 October and the reason for the 8%, and hoarding. Opposition debate read only for parts mentioning railways and calls). |
| Hubert Emmerig — Historisches Lexikon Bayerns（Bayerische Staatsbibliothek） | Währung (bis 1800)Document・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | 2010-11-23 | Read (read through the text of the copy; claims are within that scope) |
| Ignatius Balla — London: Eveleigh Nash, 1913 (DjVu text from the University of Toronto collection on the Internet Archive) | The Romance of the RothschildsDocument・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | 1913 | Read (Read Chapter III, pp. 83–93. Claims are within that scope). |
| Internal Revenue Service (IRS) | Frequently asked questions on gift taxesDocument・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | 2026-07-23 | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| International Numismatic Council | International Numismatic Council — Supports academic numismaticsDocument・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | — | Close reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are limited to what is stated in the text) |
| Irving H. Picard, SIPA Trustee for the liquidation of BLMIS（BakerHostetler） | Claims Status — Madoff Recovery Initiative (Public page of the trustee for the SIPA liquidation).Digital・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | — | Direct reading (read the full text of the page. Numerical values are as of the date indicated on the page). |
| Irving H. Picard, SIPA Trustee for the liquidation of BLMIS（BakerHostetler） | Recoveries — Madoff Recovery Initiative (Public page of the trustee for the SIPA liquidation).Digital・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | — | Direct reading (read the full text of the page. Numerical values are as of the date indicated on the page). |
| Jean Buvat (scribe at the Royal Library. Edited by Émile Campardon, Paris: Plon, 1865) — Scan from the Internet Archive. | Journal de la Régence (1715–1723), tome IIDocument・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | 1865 | Read from the original (Volume 2, entries for May–July 1720, pp. 93–111. OCR text). |
| John Francis — London: Longman, Brown, Green, & Longmans, 1851 (scan from Internet Archive). | A History of the English Railway; its Social Relations and Revelations. 1820–1845（vol. II）Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | 1851 | Actually read (Read through Chapters 5 and 6, and in Chapters 7–8, read the sections on Hudson's career and the 1849 accusations. Claims are based on this scope. Chapters 1–4 unread). |
| John Law（1705, Edinburgh）— Yale Law School, The Avalon Project | Money and Trade Considered: With a Proposal for Supplying the Nation with MoneyDocument・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | 1705 | Read in full (full text of Ch. 2, Ch. 7, Ch. 8, and beginning of Ch. 1. Avalon's HTML). |
| John Reeves — Chicago: A. C. McClurg & Co., 1887 (A London edition by Sampson Low was published the same year. DjVu text from the University of Toronto collection on the Internet Archive). | The Rothschilds: The Financial Rulers of NationsDocument・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | 1887 | Direct reading (read the Preface, Table of Contents, relevant sections of Chapter III, and Chapter V pp. 166–176, 185, 190. Claims are based on this scope). |
| Jon R. Moen, Ellis W. Tallman — Journal of Economic History 52(3) | The Bank Panic of 1907: The Role of Trust CompaniesDocument・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | 1992-09 | Bibliography confirmed (Crossref). |
| Jüdisches Museum Frankfurt | Museum Judengasse FrankfurtDocument・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | — | Close reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are limited to what is stated in the text) |
| Louis XV（Paris: Imprimerie royale, 1716）— BnF Gallica, département Droit, économie, politique, F-20974 (93) | Lettres patentes du Roy, portant privilège en faveur du Sr Law & sa Compagnie, d'establir une Banque generale. Avec le Reglement pour ladite BanqueDocument・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | 1716 | Read in full (Gallica images f1–f5: title page, preamble, Article 1. Articles 2 and onward (including capital clauses) not read). |
| Louis XV（Paris: Imprimerie royale, 1717）— BnF Gallica, département Droit, économie, politique, F-21078 (112) | Lettres patentes en forme d'edit, portant establissement d'une Compagnie de Commerce, sous le nom de Compagnie d'OccidentDocument・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | 1717 | Read in full (Gallica images f1–f5: title page, preamble, Articles 1–5. Articles 6 and onward not read). |
| Louis XV（Paris: Imprimerie royale, 1718）— BnF Gallica | Declaration du Roy, pour convertir la Banque generale en Banque royale. Donnée à Paris le 4. decembre 1718Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | 1718 | Read (Gallica image f1: title and preamble. Articles of the main text not read). |
| Maristella Botticini・Zvi Eckstein／Princeton University Press | "The Chosen Few: How Education Shaped Jewish History, 70-1492" (Princeton University Press, bibliography page)Document・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | 2012 | Close reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are limited to what is stated in the text) |
| Markus K. Brunnermeier — Journal of Economic Perspectives 23(1) | Deciphering the Liquidity and Credit Crunch 2007–2008Document・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | 2009-01 | Read (read through the main text of the copy of the author's public version; claims are within that scope). |
| Martha White Paas (co-authored with John Roger Paas, George C. Schoolfield) — Yale University Press. | The Kipper und Wipper Inflation, 1619–23: An Economic History with Contemporary German BroadsheetsDocument・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | 2012 | Bibliographic confirmation (Crossref book review record: Sixteenth Century Journal 44(3), 2013, 930–932). |
| Martin Wörle (Brieffmaler, Augsburg) — Wikisource transcription (based on a digital image from the Staats- und Stadtbibliothek Augsburg. VD17 12:666426W). | Epitaphium oder Deß guten Geldes Grabschrifft (broadside, Augsburg, 1621/22).Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | 1621 | Read (read through the full text of the transcription; claims are within that scope) |
| Mike Dash — Smithsonian Magazine（2012-03-29） | “Kipper und Wipper”: Rogue Traders, Rogue Princes, Rogue Bishops and the German Financial Meltdown of 1621–23Document・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | 2012-03-29 | Read (read through the text of the copy; claims are within that scope) |
| N. W. Posthumus — Journal of Economic and Business History 1(3) | The Tulip Mania in Holland in the Years 1636 and 1637Document・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | 1929-05 | Bibliographic confirmation (Garber 1990's bibliography and Crossref's 2024 reprint record). |
| National Bureau of Economic Research, Business Cycle Dating Committee | US Business Cycle Expansions and ContractionsData・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | — | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| Nicolas Dutot (cashier of the Indies Company. La Haye: Vaillant & Prevost, 1738) — Google Books scan (Internet Archive). | Réflexions politiques sur les finances et le commerce (tomes I–II)Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | 1738 | Read (Tome I pp.105–107, 158; Tome II pp.363–365, 426. OCR). |
| NUMiD | NUMiD — Netzwerk universitärer Münzsammlungen in DeutschlandData・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | — | Close reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are limited to what is stated in the text) |
| O. M. W. Sprague — National Monetary Commission（Senate Document No. 538, 61st Congress, 2d Session） | History of Crises under the National Banking System（National Monetary Commission）Document・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | 1910 | Read (Chapter V and Note J read through. Claims are based on that scope). |
| OECD（International Network on Financial Education） | OECD/INFE 2023 International Survey of Adult Financial LiteracyDocument・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | 2023-12 | Actual reading (the text of the PDF copy was read through using pdftotext, and the claims are within the scope of the text's descriptions). |
| Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, U.S. Treasury Department | Annual Report of the Comptroller of the Currency, 1907Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | 1907 | Read closely (read through the relevant sections; claims are based on that scope). |
| Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, U.S. Treasury Department | Annual Report of the Comptroller of the Currency, 1908Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | 1908 | Read closely (read through the relevant sections; claims are based on that scope). |
| Oliver Volckart — London School of Economics, Department of Economic History | Premodern Debasement: A Messy Affair（LSE Economic History Working Papers No. 270/2017）Document・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | 2017-12 | Read (read through the abstract, introduction, relevant parts of sections 4–6, and conclusion of the text copy; claims are based on this scope). |
| Parliament of the United Kingdom — King's Printer's version published on legislation.gov.uk (The National Archives). | An Act to attach certain Conditions to the Construction of future Railways authorized or to be authorized by any Act of the present or succeeding Sessions of Parliament; and for other Purposes in relation to Railways（Railway Regulation Act 1844）, 7 & 8 Vict. c. 85Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | 1844-08-09 | Read through (Read through Articles 1–14 of the original PDF. The claims are within that scope). |
| Parliament of the United Kingdom — King's Printer's version published on legislation.gov.uk (The National Archives). | An Act to facilitate the Dissolution of certain Railway Companies（Railway Companies Dissolution Act 1846）, 9 & 10 Vict. c. 28Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | 1846-07-03 | Read through (Read through Articles 1–16 of the original PDF. The claims are within that scope. Articles 17 and onwards have not been read). |
| Parliament of the United Kingdom — King's Printer's version published on legislation.gov.uk (The National Archives). | An Act for constituting Commissioners of Railways, 9 & 10 Vict. c. 105Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | 1846-08-28 | Read (Read through all 12 articles of the original PDF. The claims are based on this scope). |
| Peter M. Garber — Journal of Economic Perspectives 4(2) | Famous First BubblesDocument・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | 1990-05-01 | Read (full text pp. 35–54. Read from a copy of the JSTOR version PDF). |
| Pew Research Center | Economics and well-being among U.S. Jews（Jewish Americans in 2020）Data・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | 2021-05-11 | Close reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are limited to what is stated in the text) |
| Report Fraud & Cyber Crime Reporting Centre (UK. Formerly Action Fraud) | UK's Home for Reporting Cyber Crime & Fraud (Report Fraud)System・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | — | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| Royal Numismatic Society | The Royal Numismatic SocietyDocument・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | — | Close reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are limited to what is stated in the text) |
| Satoshi Nakamoto | Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash SystemDocument・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-03 | 2008-10-31 | Read |
| Securities Investor Protection Corporation (SIPC) | Bernard L. Madoff Investment Securities LLC — Case Details（SIPC Cases & Claims）Digital・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | 2008-12-15 | Read (read the full page, i.e., the case basics and the list of announcements from 2008 to 2026. The body text of the announcements was not read, only the headlines and subheadings). |
| Senta Herkle・Marius Wieandt — LEO-BW（Landesarchiv Baden-Württemberg） | Kipper- und Wipperzeit (Theme module 'Der Dreißigjährige Krieg').Document・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | 2022-08-02 | Read (read through the text of the copy; claims are within that scope) |
| SILVER project, KBR（Royal Library of Belgium） | Methodological Issues — SILVER (Die Studies Database, KBR Royal Library of Belgium)Digital・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | 2023-05-16 | Direct reading (read through the text of the copy. Checked the bibliography of 22 references). |
| Social Security Administration, Office of the Chief Actuary | Contribution and Benefit BaseData・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | — | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| Social Security Administration, Office of the Chief Actuary | Social Security & Medicare Tax Rates (FICA & SECA)Data・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | — | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| Social Security Administration (U.S.). | Benefits Planner: Retirement — Retirement Age and Benefit ReductionDocument・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | — | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| Social Security Administration (U.S.). | Plan for MedicareDocument・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | — | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| Social Security Administration (U.S.). | Understanding the Benefits (Publication No. 05-10024)Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | — | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| *The Gentleman's Magazine* (Sylvanus Urban, London: Nichols, Son, and Bentley, 1815). Table created by Richardson, Goodluck, & Co., Bank Buildings (copy from Internet Archive). | Each Day's Price of Stocks in June, 1815 — The Gentleman's Magazine, vol. 85, June 1815, p. 576Data・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | 1815-06 | Actually read (read the table on p. 576 from the page image. Claims are limited to that scope). |
| The London Gazette (Published by Authority) — PDF from The Gazette (TSO, The National Archives). | The London Gazette Extraordinary, No. 17028, Thursday 22 June 1815 — Wellington's Waterloo dispatch（p. 1213）Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | 1815-06-22 | Direct reading (read a copy of the first page via page image and OCR. Claims are based on this scope). |
| The Rothschild Archive | Mayer Amschel Rothschild (1744-1812)Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | — | Close reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are limited to what is stated in the text) |
| The Rothschild Archive | Nathan Rothschild and the Battle of Waterloo（Brian Cathcart・The Rothschild Archive）Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | — | Close reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are limited to what is stated in the text) |
| The Rothschild Archive（Exhibitions: Rothschild Timeline） | Rothschild Timeline (The Rothschild Archive, timeline exhibition)Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | — | Close reading (Read through the text of the copy. Claims are limited to the scope of the text. The chronology and company pages are collated with the dated sentences in docs/research/ra-dated-sentences.md) |
| The Rothschild Archive (People page on the Rothschild Research Forum). | Amschel Mayer von Rothschild (1773-1855)Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | — | Close reading (Read through the text of the copy. Claims are limited to the scope of the text. The chronology and company pages are collated with the dated sentences in docs/research/ra-dated-sentences.md) |
| The Rothschild Archive (People page on the Rothschild Research Forum). | Carl Mayer (Carl) von Rothschild (1788-1855)Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | — | Close reading (Read through the text of the copy. Claims are limited to the scope of the text. The chronology and company pages are collated with the dated sentences in docs/research/ra-dated-sentences.md) |
| The Rothschild Archive (People page on the Rothschild Research Forum). | The Rothschild Family (Microsite for people, bibliography, and residences)Document・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | — | Close reading (Read through the text of the copy. Claims are limited to the scope of the text. The chronology and company pages are collated with the dated sentences in docs/research/ra-dated-sentences.md) |
| The Rothschild Archive (People page on the Rothschild Research Forum). | A to Z listing of Rothschild family membersDocument・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | — | Close reading (Read through the text of the copy. Claims are limited to the scope of the text. The chronology and company pages are collated with the dated sentences in docs/research/ra-dated-sentences.md) |
| The Rothschild Archive (People page on the Rothschild Research Forum). | James Mayer de Rothschild (1792-1868)Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | — | Close reading (Read through the text of the copy. Claims are limited to the scope of the text. The chronology and company pages are collated with the dated sentences in docs/research/ra-dated-sentences.md) |
| The Rothschild Archive (People page on the Rothschild Research Forum). | Salomon Mayer von Rothschild (1774-1855)Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | — | Close reading (Read through the text of the copy. Claims are limited to the scope of the text. The chronology and company pages are collated with the dated sentences in docs/research/ra-dated-sentences.md) |
| The Rothschild Archive (People page on the Rothschild Research Forum). | Nathan Mayer Rothschild (1777-1836)Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | — | Direct reading (read through the text of the copy. Claims are based on the content of the text). |
| The Rothschild Archive (Public site: "The Business") | Business activities (The Rothschild Archive: Fields of business)Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | — | Close reading (Read through the text of the copy. Claims are limited to the scope of the text. The chronology and company pages are collated with the dated sentences in docs/research/ra-dated-sentences.md) |
| The Rothschild Archive (Public site: "The Business") | The Business (The Rothschild Archive: Index of houses and businesses)Document・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | — | Close reading (Read through the text of the copy. Claims are limited to the scope of the text. The chronology and company pages are collated with the dated sentences in docs/research/ra-dated-sentences.md) |
| The Rothschild Archive (Public site: "The Business") | M A Rothschild & Söhne, Frankfurt (The Frankfurt house)Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | — | Close reading (Read through the text of the copy. Claims are limited to the scope of the text. The chronology and company pages are collated with the dated sentences in docs/research/ra-dated-sentences.md) |
| The Rothschild Archive (Public site: "The Business") | N M Rothschild & Sons, London (The London house)Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | — | Close reading (Read through the text of the copy. Claims are limited to the scope of the text. The chronology and company pages are collated with the dated sentences in docs/research/ra-dated-sentences.md) |
| The Rothschild Archive (Public site: "The Business") | C M de Rothschild e figli, Naples (The Naples house)Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | — | Close reading (Read through the text of the copy. Claims are limited to the scope of the text. The chronology and company pages are collated with the dated sentences in docs/research/ra-dated-sentences.md) |
| The Rothschild Archive (Public site: "The Business") | de Rothschild Frères, Paris (The Paris house)Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | — | Close reading (Read through the text of the copy. Claims are limited to the scope of the text. The chronology and company pages are collated with the dated sentences in docs/research/ra-dated-sentences.md) |
| The Rothschild Archive (Public site: "The Business") | S M von Rothschild, Vienna (The Vienna house)Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | — | Close reading (Read through the text of the copy. Claims are limited to the scope of the text. The chronology and company pages are collated with the dated sentences in docs/research/ra-dated-sentences.md) |
| The Rothschild Archive (Public site: "The Business") | The Royal Mint RefineryDocument・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | — | Close reading (Read through the text of the copy. Claims are limited to the scope of the text. The chronology and company pages are collated with the dated sentences in docs/research/ra-dated-sentences.md) |
| The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences（NobelPrize.org） | The Prize in Economic Sciences 2002 – Press releaseDocument・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | 2002-10-09 | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences（NobelPrize.org） | The Prize in Economic Sciences 2017 – Press releaseDocument・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | 2017-10-09 | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences（NobelPrize.org） | The Prize in Economic Sciences 2022 – Press releaseDocument・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | 2022-10-10 | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| Thomas Tooke — London: Longman, 1848 (scan from the Internet Archive). | A History of Prices, and of the State of the Circulation, from 1839 to 1847 inclusive; with a General Review of the Currency Question（vol. IV）Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | 1848 | Read through (Read the section on the money market in 1845–47, Sections 16–17 discussing the operation of the Act of 1844, and the section comparing 1825 and 1847. The claims are within that scope. The sections on prices and corn have not been read). |
| U.S. Attorney's Office, Southern District of New York（Audrey Strauss, Drew Skinner, Louis A. Pellegrino） | United States v. Bernard L. Madoff, 09 Cr. 213 (DC) — Memorandum of Law of the United States in Opposition to Defendant's Motion for a Reduction in Sentence (Doc. 223)Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | 2020-03-05 | Read (read through all 31 pages: Preliminary Statement, Factual Background, Guilty Plea, Sentencing, History of Release Request, Legal Arguments, Conclusion. Copy at cases-evidence/madoff-doj-1258026.pdf). |
| U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics | Consumer Price Index Frequently Asked QuestionsData・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | — | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics | Consumer Price Index Summary — July 2026 (news release)Data・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | — | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics | The Recession of 2007–2009 (BLS Spotlight on Statistics, February 2012)Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | 2012-02 | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics | Consumer Expenditures--2024Data・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | 2025-12-19 | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics（Current Population Survey） | Unemployment Rate, 16 years and over, seasonally adjusted (LNS14000000), monthly 2007–2010 — BLS Public Data API v2Data・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | — | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| U.S. Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) | What is a debt-to-income ratio?Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | — | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| U.S. Department of the Treasury | Statement by Secretary Henry M. Paulson, Jr. on Treasury and Federal Housing Finance Agency Action to Protect Financial Markets and Taxpayers (hp-1129, September 7, 2008)Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | 2008-09-07 | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| U.S. Department of the Treasury | Treasury Announces Guaranty Program for Money Market Funds (hp-1147, September 19, 2008)Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | 2008-09-19 | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| U.S. Department of the Treasury, Bureau of the Fiscal Service | Debt to the Penny (Fiscal Data API, latest record)Data・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | — | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| U.S. District Court, Southern District of New York (Hon. Denny Chin) — Published by the U.S. Attorney's Office SDNY. | United States v. Bernard L. Madoff, 09 Cr. 213 (DC) — Sentencing transcript, June 29, 2009Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | 2009-06-29 | Read (read through all 51 pages: Opening and guideline calculations, statements from 9 victims, statements from defense counsel and the defendant, statement from the government, judge's reasoning and sentencing. Copy at cases-evidence/madoff-sentencing-2009-06-29-transcript.pdf). |
| U.S. Federal Housing Finance Agency (distributed by: FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis). | All-Transactions House Price Index for the United States (USSTHPI), quarterly, 1980Q1=100 — FHFA (copy: FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis).Data・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | — | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| U.S. Internal Revenue Service (IRS) | Estate taxSystem・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | — | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission | SEC Charges Bernard L. Madoff for Multi-Billion Dollar Ponzi Scheme (Press Release 2008-293)Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | 2008-12-11 | Read (read the full text of the announcement). |
| U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission | SEC Charges Operators of Reserve Primary Fund With Fraud (Press Release 2009-104, May 5, 2009)Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | 2009-05-05 | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, Investor.gov | Asset Allocation and DiversificationDocument・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | — | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, Investor.gov | What is compound interest? (Teachers, Classroom Resources)Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | — | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, Investor.gov | Understanding FeesDocument・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | — | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, Investor.gov | What is Risk?Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | — | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, Investor.gov | Risk and return (Teachers, Classroom Resources)Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | — | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, Office of Inspector General | Investigation of Failure of the SEC to Uncover Bernard Madoff's Ponzi Scheme (Report No. OIG-509)Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | 2009-08-31 | Closely read (read through the summary, pp.20–41. In the main text, closely read Section I, the 1992 Avellino & Bienes investigation, pp.42–49. For pp.50–457, only the table of contents and index terms were searched. Copies are at cases-evidence/sec-oig-509-full.pdf and sec-oig-509-exec-summary.pdf). |
| U.S. Social Security Administration (SSA) | Benefits Planner: Retirement | Retirement Age and Benefit ReductionSystem・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | — | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| UK Government (Department for Work and Pensions) | State Pension age timetableDocument・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | — | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| UK Office for National Statistics (ONS) | Family spending in the UK: April 2023 to March 2024Data・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | — | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| Ulrich Rosseaux — Duncker & Humblot（Schriften zur Wirtschafts- und Sozialgeschichte 67） | Die Kipper und Wipper als publizistisches Ereignis (1620–1626)Document・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | 2001 | Bibliography confirmed (Crossref). |
| United States Congress — Statutes at Large（govinfo） | An Act To amend the national banking laws（Aldrich–Vreeland Act）, May 30, 1908, 35 Stat. 546Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | 1908-05-30 | Close reading (Read through all articles of the legal text. Claims are within that scope). |
| United States Congress — Statutes at Large（govinfo） | Federal Reserve Act, December 23, 1913, 38 Stat. 251 (p. 1)Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | 1913-12-23 | Read (read through page 1; claims are within that scope). |
| United States Congress（Government Publishing Office） | Guiding and Establishing National Innovation for U.S. Stablecoins Act (GENIUS Act), Public Law 119-27Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-03 | 2025-07-18 | Read |
| Universität Wien | Curriculum für das Individuelle Masterstudium Numismatik und Geldgeschichte (2019)Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | — | Close reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are limited to what is stated in the text) |
| Universität Wien, Institut für Numismatik und Geldgeschichte | Das Fach Numismatik und GeldgeschichteDocument・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | — | Close reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are limited to what is stated in the text) |
| Universität Wien (distributed by NUMiD) | Lehrangebot Sommersemester 2025 — Institut für Numismatik und GeldgeschichteDocument・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | — | Close reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are limited to what is stated in the text) |
| W. A. Shaw — Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, New Series 9 (1895), pp.189–213 (copy from the Internet Archive). | The Monetary Movements of 1600–1621 in Holland and GermanyDocument・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | 1895 | Read through (read the text of the copy pp.189–213 and verified the tables against the page images. Claims are within that scope). |
| Zoltan Pozsar, Tobias Adrian, Adam Ashcraft, Hayley Boesky — Federal Reserve Bank of New York | Shadow Banking (Staff Report no. 458, July 2010, revised February 2012)Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-03 | 2012-02-01 | Read |
| Japan Real Estate Institute | Urban Land Price IndexData・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | — | Bibliographic confirmation (publication page checked. Index data unread). |
| Okina Kunio, Shirakawa Masaaki, and Shiratsuka Shigenori — Bank of Japan, Institute for Monetary and Economic Studies, Monetary and Economic Studies 19(S-1). | The Asset Price Bubble and Monetary Policy: Japan's Experience in the Late 1980s and the LessonsDocument・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | 2001-02 | Read (full text pp. 395–450. Abstract, I–VI, notes, bibliography. Additionally read III–VI on 2026-09-05). |
| Kikuchi Noriyuki (Professor, Research Department, National Tax College) - National Tax Agency, National Tax College | A 100-Year History of Inheritance Tax (Zeidai Journal 1, April 2005)Document・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | 2005-04 | Close reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are limited to what is stated in the text) |
| Central Council for Financial Services Information (now succeeded by the Japan Financial and Economic Education Promotion Organization, J-FLEC. Shiru-port is an archive site). | Financial Literacy Survey (2022) Survey Results.Data・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | 2022-07 | Actual reading (the text of the PDF copy was read through using pdftotext, and the claims are within the scope of the text's descriptions). |
| Financial Services Agency | Beware of illegal money lenders!Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | — | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| Financial Services Agency | Money Lending Business Act Q&ASystem・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | — | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| Financial Services Agency | Financial Services Users Consultation Office: We welcome your "voice"!System・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | — | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| Financial Services Agency | The basics of asset building (long-term, cumulative, and diversified investment).Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | — | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| Financial Services Agency, Supervisory Bureau, Coordination Division, Supervisory and Research Office. | (Table 5) Trends in Losses on Disposal of Non-Performing Loans, etc. (All Banks) — Status of Claims Disclosed under the Financial Reconstruction Law for the Fiscal Period ending March, Reiwa 2 (2020).Data・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | 2020-08-28 | Read (Read through the table and notes in the main text of the copy. The claims are limited to the values in the table). |
| Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry | The Cashless Payment Ratio for 2024 Has Been CalculatedData・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | 2025-03-31 | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry | The Cashless Payment Ratio for 2025 Has Been CalculatedData・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | 2026-03-31 | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| National Police Agency. | List of methods and countermeasures you can take starting today (SOS47 Special Fraud Countermeasures Page).Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | — | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| Mitsui Bunko (The Mitsui Archives), Public Interest Incorporated Foundation | Mitsui's History 49: The Dissolution of the Mitsui ZaibatsuDocument・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | — | Close reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are limited to what is stated in the text) |
| Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare | Regarding Japan's Medical Insurance System (Materials)Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | — | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare | To Everyone Using the High-Cost Medical Expense Benefit SystemDocument・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | — | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare | Let's Verify Together! Public Pension GlossaryDocument・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | — | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare: Long-Term Care Service Information Disclosure System | What is Long-Term Care Insurance (Explanation of Long-Term Care Insurance)System・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | — | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare: Long-Term Care Service Information Disclosure System | User Fees for Services (Explanation of Long-Term Care Insurance)System・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | — | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| Emperor Ferdinand I and the Imperial Estates — "Neue und vollständigere Sammlung der Reichs-Abschiede," Part 3 (ed. Senckenberg & Schmauß, Frankfurt, 1747), pp. 186–200. OCR from Bayerische Staatsbibliothek (MDZ) bsb10492672. | "Käysers Ferdinandi neue Münz-Ordnung samt Valvirung der gülden und silbern Müntzen, und darauf erfolgtem Kayserl. Edict zu Augspurg, alles im Jahr 1559 auffgericht und beschlossen" (Imperial Minting Ordinance, Augsburg, 19 August 1559)Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | 1747 | Direct reading (read through the relevant parts of the OCR text of the copy; claims are based on that scope). |
| National Tax Agency. | Tax Answer No. 2260: Income Tax Rates.Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | — | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| National Tax Agency. | Tax Answer No. 6101 Basic Mechanism of Consumption TaxDocument・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | — | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| National Tax Agency. | Information Regarding Tax AccountantsSystem・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | — | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| National Tax Agency. | No. 4402 Cases Where Gift Tax is Imposed (Tax Answer)Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | 2025-04-01 | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| National Tax Agency, National Tax College, Office of Historical Tax Materials | 10. Financing the Russo-Japanese War and the Tax System (Taxation History Materials Library)Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | — | Close reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are limited to what is stated in the text) |
| National Tax Agency, National Tax College, Office of Historical Tax Materials | A Guide to Inheritance Tax (NETWORK Taxation History Materials)Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | — | Close reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are limited to what is stated in the text) |
| National Tax Agency (Tax Answer). | No. 4152: Calculation of Inheritance Tax.Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | — | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| National Tax Agency (Tax Answer). | No. 4205 Filing and Payment of Inheritance TaxDocument・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | — | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| National Tax Agency (Tax Answer). | No. 4408 Calculation and Tax Rates of Gift Tax (Calendar-Year Taxation)Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | — | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, Land and Water Bureau, Land Price Research Division. | Trend in Average Year-on-Year Rate of Change since 1976 (Residential, Commercial, All Uses) — Published Land Prices.Data・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | — | Read from the original (read through the table in the main text of the copy. Claims are limited to the values in the table). |
| National Consumer Affairs Center of Japan | Consumer Affairs Centers, etc., NationwideSystem・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | — | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| National Diet Library, Search System for Minutes of Diet Proceedings (Minutes of the House of Representatives) | 118th National Diet, House of Representatives, Committee on Finance, No. 6, March 27, 1990 (statements by Minister of Finance Hashimoto Ryūtarō and Director-General of the Banking Bureau Tsuchida Masaaki)Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | 1990-03-27 | Actual reading (Read through statements 036 and 037 in the transcript text. The claims are limited to that scope). |
| National Diet Library, Search System for Minutes of Diet Proceedings (Minutes of the House of Representatives) | 118th Diet, House of Representatives, Committee on Finance, No. 7, March 28, 1990 (Heisei 2) (Supplementary explanation by Director-General of the Banking Bureau Tsuchida Masaaki, response by Director-General of the Tax Bureau Ozaki Mamoru).Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | 1990-03-28 | Actual reading (Read through statements 108 and 110 in the transcript text. The claims are limited to that scope). |
| National Diet Library, Search System for Minutes of Diet Proceedings (Minutes of the House of Representatives) | 118th Diet, House of Representatives, Committee on the Budget, No. 4, April 3, 1990 (Heisei 2) (Responses by Director-General of the Banking Bureau Tsuchida Masaaki and Minister of Finance Hashimoto Ryutaro).Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | 1990-04-03 | Actual reading (Read through statements 204 to 206 in the transcript text. The claims are limited to that scope). |
| National Diet Library, Search System for Minutes of Diet Proceedings (Minutes of the House of Representatives) | 123rd Diet, House of Representatives, Committee on Construction, No. 1, February 26, 1992 (Heisei 4) (Statement of beliefs by Director-General of the National Land Agency Azumaya Yoshiyuki, response by Director-General of the Land Bureau Chinzei Michio: Background of the lifting of aggregate control).Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | 1992-02-26 | Actual reading (Read through statements 009, 077, and 078 in the transcript text. The claims are limited to that scope). |
| National Diet Library, Search System for Minutes of Diet Proceedings (Minutes of the House of Representatives) | 123rd Diet, House of Representatives, Committee on Finance, No. 4, February 26, 1992 (Heisei 4) (Response by Director-General of the Banking Bureau Tsuchida Masaaki: Lifting of the aggregate control).Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | 1992-02-26 | Actual reading (Read through statements 030 to 040 in the transcript text. The claims are limited to that scope). |
| Courts | Declaration of Renunciation of InheritanceSystem・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | — | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| Ministry of Finance | Diversification of the investor base.Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-03 | — | Read |
| Ministry of Finance | Materials on types of taxes (national and local tax items and breakdown).Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | — | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| Ministry of Finance | Considering Japan's Finances (Fiscal-Related Materials, Simplified Version, April, Reiwa 8).Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | 2026-04 | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| Ministry of Finance, Financial Bureau. | JGB Issuance Plan for FY2026 (Planned Issuance Amount and Outline of JGBs for FY2026)Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-03 | 2025-12-26 | Read |
| Ministry of Finance, Financial Bureau. | Outstanding Amount of Government Bonds and Borrowings and Government-Guaranteed Debt (As of the end of June 2026)Data・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-03 | 2026-08-10 | Read |
| Ministry of Finance (JGBs for Individuals homepage). | Frequently Asked Questions about JGBs for Individuals.Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-03 | — | Read |
| Author unknown — Wikisource transcription (image from Wikimedia Commons). | Der Jüdische Kipper und Auffwechßler (broadsheet, 1622).Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | 1622 | Read (read through the full text of the transcription; claims are within that scope) |
| Author unknown — Wikisource transcription (base text: "Deutsche Einblattholzschnitte 1500 bis 1700," Digitale Bibliothek, Berlin 2003) | "Ein Erschröckliche Newe Zeittung so sich begeben vnd zutragen In disem 1621 Jar mit eim Geldtwechßler" (broadsheet, 1621)Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | 1621 | Read (read through the full text of the transcription; claims are within that scope) |
| Consumer Affairs Agency | Consumer HotlineSystem・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | — | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| Consumer Affairs Agency | From October 1, 2023, stealth marketing will be a violation of the Act against Unjustifiable Premiums and Misleading Representations.Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | — | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| Consumer Affairs Agency | Act on Specified Commercial TransactionsDocument・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | — | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| Life Insurance Policyholders Protection Corporation of Japan. | Overview of the Life Insurance Policyholders Protection Corporation of Japan.Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | — | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| Life Insurance Policyholders Protection Corporation of Japan. | Policyholder Protection System Q&A Q12: Compensation details in case a life insurance company fails.Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | — | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| Life Insurance Policyholders Protection Corporation of Japan. | Policyholder Protection System Q&A Q14: What are policy reserves?Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | — | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| Statistics Bureau, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications | Consumer Price Index (CPI).Data・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | — | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| Statistics Bureau, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications | 2023 Housing and Land Survey: Summary of the Results for Basic Tabulation on Dwellings and Households.Data・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | 2024-09-25 | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| Statistics Bureau, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications | 2020-Base Consumer Price Index, Japan, 2025 (Reiwa 7) Average.Data・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | 2026-01-23 | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| Statistics Bureau, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications | 2020-Base Consumer Price Index, Japan, 2025 (Reiwa 7) Average.Data・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | 2026-01-23 | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| Statistics Bureau, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications | Family Income and Expenditure Survey Report (Income and Expenditure), 2025 (Reiwa 7) Average: Summary of Results.Data・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | 2026-02-06 | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| Statistics Bureau, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications | 2025-Base Consumer Price Index, Japan, for July 2026 (Reiwa 8).Data・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | 2026-08-21 | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| Statistics Bureau of Japan, National Statistics Center (e-Stat) | Portal Site of Official Statistics of Japan (e-Stat)System・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | — | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| Non-Life Insurance Policyholders Protection Corporation of Japan. | Overview of the Non-Life Insurance Policyholders Protection Corporation of Japan.Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | — | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| Edited by Muramatsu Michio and Okuno Masahiro — Toyo Keizai Inc. | A Study of the Heisei Bubble (Vols. 1 & 2).Document・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | 2002-03 | Bibliography confirmed (NDL Search). |
| Tokyo Legal Affairs Bureau (Ministry of Justice). | Inheritance registration has become mandatory (system started on 1 April, Reiwa 6).System・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | — | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| Anonymous (printed by: Adriaen Roman, Haarlem) — Scan from the Royal Library of the Netherlands. | Samen-spraeck tusschen Waermondt ende Gaergoedt, nopende de opkomste ende ondergangh van FloraDocument・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | 1637 | Bibliographic confirmation (Google Books: held by the Royal Library of the Netherlands, Haarlem: Adriaen Roman 1637, 24 pages, full text available). |
| Cabinet Office (Annual Report on Economy and Public Finance, Long-Term Economic Statistics). | Long-Term Economic Statistics, System of National Accounts (5/5) Gross National Assets and National Wealth — Annual Report on the Japanese Economy and Public Finance, Fiscal Year Reiwa 4.Data・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | — | Read from the original (read through the table and notes of the System of National Accounts (5/5) in the main text of the copy. Claims are limited to that scope). |
| Economic and Social Research Institute, Cabinet Office | Reference Dates of Business CyclesData・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | — | Read (full text. The line on the 11th cycle). |
| Bank of Japan | Changes in the Basic Discount Rate and Basic Loan Rate (formerly published as the "Official Discount Rate") - List of Published Data.Data・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | — | Read from the original (read through the table in the main text of the copy. Claims are limited to the values in the table). |
| Bank of Japan | Tell Me! NichiginSystem・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | — | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| Bank of Japan | Outline of Payment and Settlement SystemsDocument・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-03 | — | Read |
| Bank of Japan | The Bank of Japan's Approach to Central Bank Digital CurrencyDocument・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-03 | 2020-10-09 | Read |
| Bank of Japan | On the Conduct of Monetary Policy for the Immediate Future (July 31, 2026)Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | 2026-07-31 | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| Bank of Japan | Business Report for the Ten-Day Period (as of August 31, Reiwa 8)Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-03 | 2026-09-02 | Read |
| Bank of Japan, Financial Markets Department | Market Operations in Fiscal 2016Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-03 | 2017-07-14 | Read |
| Bank of Japan, Financial Markets Department | Trends in Japan's Short-term Financial Market — Results of the Tokyo Short-term Financial Market Survey (25/August) —Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-03 | 2025-10-10 | Read |
| Bank of Japan, Payment and Settlement Systems Department | Progress Report on the Pilot Experiment for Central Bank Digital Currency (June 2026).Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-03 | 2026-06-10 | Read |
| Bank of Japan, Research and Statistics Department | Reference figures and tables: Flow of Funds (Preliminary figures) for the first quarter of 2026.Data・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-03 | 2026-06-25 | Read |
| Bank of Japan, Research and Statistics Department | Comparison of Flow of Funds in Japan, the US, and Europe (August 31, 2026).Data・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-03 | 2026-08-31 | Read |
| Bank of Japan (Tell me! Nichigin) | Please explain the evolution of the guidelines for money market operations.Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-03 | — | Read |
| Bank of Japan (Tell me! Nichigin) | What is a foreign exchange rate?Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | — | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| Bank of Japan (Tell me! Nichigin) | What are a strong yen and a weak yen?Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | — | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| Bank of Japan (Tell me! Nichigin) | What is settlement?Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-03 | — | Read |
| Bank of Japan (Tell me! Nichigin) | What are the means of settlement?Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-03 | — | Read |
| Bank of Japan (Tell me! Nichigin) | What role does the Bank of Japan play in settlement?Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-03 | — | Read |
| Bank of Japan (Tell me! Nichigin) | What is systemic risk?Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-03 | — | Read |
| Bank of Japan (Tell me! Nichigin) | What are current accounts at the Bank of Japan? Do they bear interest?Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-03 | — | Read |
| Bank of Japan (Tell me! Nichigin) | Please explain the relationship between current accounts at the Bank of Japan and reserve deposits.Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-03 | — | Read |
| Bank of Japan (Tell me! Nichigin) | What is BOJ-NET?Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-03 | — | Read |
| Bank of Japan (Tell me! Nichigin) | What is the JGB Book-Entry System?Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-03 | — | Read |
| Bank of Japan (Tell me! Nichigin) | What is RTGS (Real-Time Gross Settlement)?Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-03 | — | Read |
| Bank of Japan (Tell me! Nichigin) | What is DVP?Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-03 | — | Read |
| Bank of Japan (Tell me! Nichigin) | Who issues banknotes?Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-03 | — | Read |
| Bank of Japan (Tell me! Nichigin) | How are banknotes put into circulation from the Bank of Japan? Also, how is the amount of banknotes issued determined?Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-03 | — | Read |
| Bank of Japan (Tell me! Nichigin) | How many banknotes move in and out of the Bank of Japan? Also, what is the total value of banknotes circulating in Japan?Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-03 | — | Read |
| Bank of Japan (Tell me! Nichigin) | For payments, such as personal shopping or business transactions, can any number of banknotes or coins be used?Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-03 | — | Read |
| Bank of Japan (Tell me! Nichigin) | What is electronic money?Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | — | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| Bank of Japan (Tell me! Nichigin) | What is monetary policy?Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-03 | — | Read |
| Bank of Japan (Tell me! Nichigin) | Please explain the Bank of Japan's view on "price stability" and its "price stability target."Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-03 | — | Read |
| Bank of Japan (Tell me! Nichigin) | What is the uncollateralized overnight call rate? What is a funds surplus/shortage?Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-03 | — | Read |
| Bank of Japan (Tell me! Nichigin) | What is the reserve requirement system? What are excess reserves?Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-03 | — | Read |
| Bank of Japan (Tell me! Nichigin) | What types of operations (open market operations) are there?Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-03 | — | Read |
| Bank of Japan (Tell me! Nichigin) | What is the Complementary Deposit Facility?Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-03 | — | Read |
| Bank of Japan (Tell me! Nichigin) | How is the former "official discount rate" positioned today?Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-03 | — | Read |
| Bank of Japan (Tell me! Nichigin) | What is the "monetary base"?Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-03 | — | Read |
| Bank of Japan (Tell me! Nichigin) | What is "money stock"?Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-03 | — | Read |
| Bank of Japan (Tell me! Nichigin) | What are the "Flow of Funds Accounts"? Where can I check "financial assets of households"?Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-03 | — | Read |
| Bank of Japan (Policy Board, Monetary Policy Meeting) | On the Change in the Guideline for Money Market Operations and Additional Monetary Easing Measures (March 19, 2001).Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-03 | 2001-03-19 | Read |
| Bank of Japan (Policy Board, Monetary Policy Meeting) | Change in the Guideline for Money Market Operations (January 20, 2004).Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-03 | 2004-01-20 | Read |
| Bank of Japan (Policy Board, Monetary Policy Meeting) | On Changes in Monetary Policy (October 31, 2008)Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | 2008-10-31 | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| Bank of Japan (Policy Board, Monetary Policy Meeting) | Change in Monetary Policy (December 19, 2008).Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-03 | 2008-12-19 | Read |
| Bank of Japan (Policy Board, Monetary Policy Meeting) | Introduction of "Comprehensive Monetary Easing" (October 5, 2010).Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-03 | 2010-10-05 | Read |
| Bank of Japan (Policy Board, Monetary Policy Meeting) | On the Introduction of "Quantitative and Qualitative Monetary Easing" (April 4, 2013)Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-03 | 2013-04-04 | Read |
| Bank of Japan (Policy Board, Monetary Policy Meeting) | Expansion of "Quantitative and Qualitative Monetary Easing" (October 31, 2014).Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-03 | 2014-10-31 | Read |
| Bank of Japan (Policy Board, Monetary Policy Meeting) | On the Review of the Monetary Policy FrameworkDocument・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-03 | 2024-03-19 | Read |
| Nihon Keizai Shimbun, Inc. | December 29, 1989: Nikkei Average hits all-time high (archive).Document・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | 2011-12-26 | Read (first two paragraphs of the transcript's text, readable without registration. The remaining 151 characters are for members only and have not been read). |
| Edited by Nihon Keizai Shimbun, Inc. — Nihon Keizai Shimbun, Inc. | Examining the Bubble: An Unintentional Mistake.Document・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | 2000-09 | Bibliography confirmed (NDL Search). |
| Government of Japan (e-Gov Law Search) | Public Finance ActDocument・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-03 | 1947-03-31 | Read |
| Government of Japan (e-Gov Law Search) | Act on the Reserve Deposit Requirement SystemDocument・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-03 | 1957-05-27 | Read |
| Government of Japan (e-Gov Law Search) | Act on Currency Units and CoinageDocument・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-03 | 1987-06-01 | Read |
| Government of Japan (e-Gov Law Search) | Bank of Japan ActDocument・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-03 | 1997-06-18 | Read |
| Government of Japan (e-Gov Law Search) | Payment Services ActDocument・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-03 | 2009-06-24 | Read |
| Japan Pension Service. | Regarding Pension Amounts, etc., from April, Reiwa 8.System・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | — | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| Japan Pension Service. | In case of "omissions" or "errors" in pension enrollment records.Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | — | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| Japan Pension Service. | Regarding Pension Amounts, etc., from April, Reiwa 8.Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | — | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| Japan Pension Service. | How is the amount of the National Pension insurance premium determined?Data・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | — | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| Japan Pension Service. | Employees' Pension Insurance Premium Table.Data・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | — | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| Japan Pension Service. | Deferred pension claims.Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | — | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| Japan Pension Service. | Pension consultation service by phone.System・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | — | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| Japan Pension Service. | Pension Glossary: H section, Price Indexation.Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | — | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| Japan Pension Service. | Pension Glossary: M section, Macroeconomic Slide.Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | — | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| Japan Pension Service. | Early pension claims.Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | 2024-08-19 | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| Japan Pension Service. | "Nenkin Teikibin" (Pension Information Notice) format (sample) and guide (for the fiscal year 2026 mailing).Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | 2026-08-07 | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| Japan Federation of Bar Associations. | Legal Consultation.System・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | — | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| Houterasu (Japan Legal Support Center). | How to use the advance payment system for attorney and judicial scrivener fees.Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | — | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| Houterasu (Japan Legal Support Center). | Consultation services and legal systems.System・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | — | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| Houterasu (Japan Legal Support Center). | Houterasu Top Page.System・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | — | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| Ministry of Justice. | Adult Guardianship System and Adult Guardianship Registration System Q&A — Q1–Q2 "About the Adult Guardianship System".Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | — | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| Ministry of Justice. | Adult Guardianship System and Adult Guardianship Registration System Q&A — Q16–Q20 "About the Voluntary Guardianship System".Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | — | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| Noguchi Yukio — Nihon Keizai Shimbun, Inc. | The Economics of the Bubble: What Happened to the Japanese Economy?Document・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | 1992-11 | Bibliography confirmed (NDL Search). |
| Deposit Insurance Corporation of Japan | Overview of the Deposit Insurance SystemDocument・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-03 | — | Read |
| Deposit Insurance Corporation of Japan | Basic Knowledge of the Deposit Insurance SystemDocument・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-03 | — | Read |