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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Gold and Silver Refining at Sardis（The Lydians and their World・2010）

Crawford H. Greenewalt, Jr.（Archaeological Exploration of Sardis／Harvard）

Claims Supported by This Source

  1. In the first half of the 6th century BC, gold and silver were separated from electrum at a facility near the Pactolus River, outside the city walls.
  2. Electrum, hammered into thin sheets, was layered with salt and heated for a long time at about 800°C (cementation).
  3. Shortly before the mid-6th century BC (reign of Croesus), coins of pure gold and pure silver appeared separately.

How to read the verification levels. 'Read' means the material was read in its entirety. 'Bibliography and abstract confirmed' means the bibliographic information and abstract were verified. 'Via course material' means the source was referenced through the main text of a book or a country's monetary history. The text hash is the SHA-256 of the main text from the original source page, excluding tags and whitespace, used to detect if the material has been altered.