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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Transparency & Stability (USDC reserves)

Circle Internet Group

Claims Supported by This Source

  1. States that USDC can always be exchanged 1-for-1 for US dollars, and EURC for euros.
  2. Breakdown categories of reserves: deposits of general banks, deposits of systemically important financial institutions, overnight U.S. Treasury reverse repos, U.S. Treasury securities with less than 3 months remaining maturity (categories as of August 31, 2026).
  3. Reserve holdings are disclosed weekly. A major accounting firm provides a monthly attestation, based on AICPA standards, that the value of the reserves exceeds the amount in circulation.
  4. Deloitte & Touche has been the auditor since fiscal year 2022.

How to read the verification levels. 'Read' means the material was read in its entirety. 'Bibliography and abstract confirmed' means the bibliographic information and abstract were verified. 'Via course material' means the source was referenced through the main text of a book or a country's monetary history. The text hash is the SHA-256 of the main text from the original source page, excluding tags and whitespace, used to detect if the material has been altered.