BIBLIOGRAPHY
Bibliography
These are the records and research used in this story. The books and materials referenced in the course and book texts are listed one per line in a single document.
695 items
How to read the verification levels. 'Read' means the material was read in its entirety. 'Bibliography and abstract confirmed' means the bibliographic information and abstract were verified. 'Via course material' means the source was referenced through the main text of a book or a country's monetary history. The text hash is the SHA-256 of the main text from the original source page, excluding tags and whitespace, used to detect if the material has been altered.
| Institution/Author | Title | Publication | Verification Level |
|---|---|---|---|
| U.S. District Court, Southern District of New York (Hon. Denny Chin) — Published by the U.S. Attorney's Office SDNY. | United States v. Bernard L. Madoff, 09 Cr. 213 (DC) — Sentencing transcript, June 29, 2009Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | 2009-06-29 | Read (read through all 51 pages: Opening and guideline calculations, statements from 9 victims, statements from defense counsel and the defendant, statement from the government, judge's reasoning and sentencing. Copy at cases-evidence/madoff-sentencing-2009-06-29-transcript.pdf). |
| U.S. Federal Housing Finance Agency | FHFA House Price Index — All-Transactions Index, U.S. and Census Divisions (quarterly, not seasonally adjusted, 1980Q1=100)Data・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-10-22 | — | Read (read the relevant parts of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description). |
| U.S. Federal Housing Finance Agency (distributed by: FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis). | All-Transactions House Price Index for the United States (USSTHPI), quarterly, 1980Q1=100 — FHFA (copy: FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis).Data・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | — | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| U.S. Internal Revenue Service (IRS) | Estate taxSystem・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | — | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission | SEC Charges Bernard L. Madoff for Multi-Billion Dollar Ponzi Scheme (Press Release 2008-293)Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | 2008-12-11 | Read (read the full text of the announcement). |
| U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission | Complaint, SEC v. Reserve Management Company, Inc., Resrv Partners, Inc., Bruce Bent Sr. and Bruce Bent II, and The Reserve Primary Fund (Relief Defendant), S.D.N.Y., May 5, 2009Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-10-17 | 2009-05-05 | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission | SEC Charges Operators of Reserve Primary Fund With Fraud (Press Release 2009-104, May 5, 2009)Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | 2009-05-05 | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission | Money Market Fund Reforms; Form PF Reporting Requirements for Large Liquidity Fund Advisers (Final rule, 88 FR 51404, August 3, 2023)Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-10-22 | 2023-08-03 | Read (read the relevant parts of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description). |
| U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, Investor.gov | Asset Allocation and DiversificationDocument・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | — | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, Investor.gov | What is compound interest? (Teachers, Classroom Resources)Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | — | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, Investor.gov | Understanding FeesDocument・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | — | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, Investor.gov | What is Risk?Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | — | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, Investor.gov | Risk and return (Teachers, Classroom Resources)Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | — | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, Office of Inspector General | Investigation of Failure of the SEC to Uncover Bernard Madoff's Ponzi Scheme (Report No. OIG-509)Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | 2009-08-31 | Closely read (read through the summary, pp.20–41. In the main text, closely read Section I, the 1992 Avellino & Bienes investigation, pp.42–49. For pp.50–457, only the table of contents and index terms were searched. Copies are at cases-evidence/sec-oig-509-full.pdf and sec-oig-509-exec-summary.pdf). |
| U.S. Social Security Administration (SSA) | Benefits Planner: Retirement | Retirement Age and Benefit ReductionSystem・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | — | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| UK Government (Department for Work and Pensions) | State Pension age timetableDocument・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | — | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| UK Office for National Statistics (ONS) | Family spending in the UK: April 2023 to March 2024Data・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | — | Full reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are within the scope of the text's description) |
| Ulrich Rosseaux — Duncker & Humblot（Schriften zur Wirtschafts- und Sozialgeschichte 67） | Die Kipper und Wipper als publizistisches Ereignis (1620–1626)Document・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-04 | 2001 | Bibliography confirmed (Crossref). |
| United States Congress — Statutes at Large（govinfo） | An Act To amend the national banking laws（Aldrich–Vreeland Act）, May 30, 1908, 35 Stat. 546Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | 1908-05-30 | Close reading (Read through all articles of the legal text. Claims are within that scope). |
| United States Congress — Statutes at Large（govinfo） | Federal Reserve Act, December 23, 1913, 38 Stat. 251 (p. 1)Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | 1913-12-23 | Read (read through page 1; claims are within that scope). |
| United States Congress（Government Publishing Office） | Guiding and Establishing National Innovation for U.S. Stablecoins Act (GENIUS Act), Public Law 119-27Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-03 | 2025-07-18 | Read |
| United States Congress（Wikisource） | United States Coinage Act of 1792 (text)Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-10-19 | 1792 | Source: text of the law on Wikisource |
| Universität Wien | Curriculum für das Individuelle Masterstudium Numismatik und Geldgeschichte (2019)Document・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | — | Close reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are limited to what is stated in the text) |
| Universität Wien, Institut für Numismatik und Geldgeschichte | Das Fach Numismatik und GeldgeschichteDocument・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | — | Close reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are limited to what is stated in the text) |
| Universität Wien (distributed by NUMiD) | Lehrangebot Sommersemester 2025 — Institut für Numismatik und GeldgeschichteDocument・Primary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | — | Close reading (read through the text of the copy; claims are limited to what is stated in the text) |
| Universitätsbibliothek Mainz | Commentary on a coin from the Mainz University Library (Denarius of Nerva)Document・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-10-19 | — | Reading (Commentary on the denarius of Nerva) |
| University of Chicago（James Grout） | Encyclopaedia Romana (University of Chicago), "Cowrie money".Document・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-10-19 | — | Direct reading (commentary page). |
| University of Warsaw（mpov） | University of Warsaw mpov glossary "solidus"Document・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-10-19 | — | Reading (glossary entry) |
| W. A. Shaw — Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, New Series 9 (1895), pp.189–213 (copy from the Internet Archive). | The Monetary Movements of 1600–1621 in Holland and GermanyDocument・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-09-05 | 1895 | Read through (read the text of the copy pp.189–213 and verified the tables against the page images. Claims are within that scope). |
| Wikipedia・Wiktionary | Etymology of "cheque" (Wikipedia, "Sukuk," "Cheque"; Wiktionary, "cheque").Document・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-10-19 | — | Via teaching materials (description from Wikipedia and Wiktionary, and the bibliography of their sources). |
| Wikipedia (according to the sources of each article) | German Wikipedia "Mark (1871)" and English Wikipedia "German gold mark".Document・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-10-19 | — | Via teaching materials (Wikipedia's description and the bibliography of its sources). |
| Wikipedia (according to the sources of each article) | German and English Wikipedia "Rentenmark".Document・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-10-19 | — | Via teaching materials (Wikipedia's description and the bibliography of its sources). |
| Wikipedia (according to the sources of each article) | German Wikipedia "Währungsreform 1948" and "Zigarettenwährung".Document・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-10-19 | — | Via teaching materials (Wikipedia's description and the bibliography of its sources). |
| Wikipedia (according to the sources of each article) | French Wikipedia, "Franc à cheval".Document・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-10-19 | — | Via teaching materials (Wikipedia's description and the bibliography of its sources). |
| Wikipedia (according to the sources of each article) | Italian Wikipedia: "Lira italiana", "Corso forzoso"Document・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-10-19 | — | Via teaching materials (Wikipedia's description and the bibliography of its sources). |
| Wikipedia (according to the sources of each article) | Italian Wikipedia: "Zecchino"; English Wikipedia: "Ducat"Document・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-10-19 | — | Via teaching materials (Wikipedia's description and the bibliography of its sources). |
| Wikipedia (according to the sources of each article) | Japanese Wikipedia, 'Currency Issues of the Bakumatsu Period'Document・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-10-19 | — | Via teaching materials (Wikipedia's description and the bibliography of its sources). |
| Wikipedia (according to the sources of each article) | Japanese Wikipedia: "Edo period trimetallic system", "Keichō Chōgin"Document・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-10-19 | — | Via teaching materials (Wikipedia's description and the bibliography of its sources). |
| Wikipedia (according to the sources of each article) | Japanese Wikipedia: "Iwami Ginzan Silver Mine"Document・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-10-19 | — | Via teaching materials (Wikipedia's description and the bibliography of its sources). |
| Wikipedia (according to the sources of each article) | Japanese Wikipedia, "Kōshūkin," "Ōban," "Tenshō Ōban."Document・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-10-19 | — | Via teaching materials (Wikipedia's description and the bibliography of its sources). |
| Wikipedia (according to the sources of each article) | Japanese Wikipedia, "Sumitomo zaibatsu," "Mitsui family," "Tōshō-gū Goikun."Document・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-10-19 | — | Via teaching materials (Wikipedia's description and the bibliography of its sources). |
| Wikipedia (according to the sources of each article) | Japanese Wikipedia: "Shin'en Kirikae", "Yen (currency)", "Nixon Shock"Document・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-10-19 | — | Via teaching materials (Wikipedia's description and the bibliography of its sources). |
| Wikipedia (according to the sources of each article) | Japanese Wikipedia, "Eiraku Tsūhō," "Song currency."Document・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-10-19 | — | Via teaching materials (Wikipedia's description and the bibliography of its sources). |
| Wikipedia (according to the sources of each article) | Japanese Wikipedia, "Wadōkaichin," "Fuhonsen," "Chikusen Joi Rei."Document・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-10-19 | — | Via teaching materials (Wikipedia's description and the bibliography of its sources). |
| Wikipedia (according to the sources of each article) | Wikipedia「Aes grave」「Ancient Greek coinage」Document・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-10-19 | — | Via teaching materials (Wikipedia's description and the bibliography of its sources). |
| Wikipedia (according to the sources of each article) | Wikipedia「Akçe」「Beylerbeyi event」Document・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-10-19 | — | Via teaching materials (Wikipedia's description and the bibliography of its sources). |
| Wikipedia (according to the sources of each article) | Wikipedia「Albert of Brandenburg」Document・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-10-19 | — | Via teaching materials (Wikipedia's description and the bibliography of its sources). |
| Wikipedia (according to the sources of each article) | Wikipedia「Ancient Greek coinage」Document・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-10-19 | — | Via teaching materials (Wikipedia's description and the bibliography of its sources). |
| Wikipedia (according to the sources of each article) | French and English Wikipedia, "Assignat".Document・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-10-19 | — | Via teaching materials (Wikipedia's description and the bibliography of its sources). |
| Wikipedia (according to the sources of each article) | Wikipedia「Austro-Hungarian krone」「Hyperinflation」「Austrian schilling」Document・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-10-19 | — | Via teaching materials (Wikipedia's description and the bibliography of its sources). |
| Wikipedia (according to the sources of each article) | Wikipedia「Bankruptcy」「Bank」Document・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-10-19 | — | Via teaching materials (Wikipedia's description and the bibliography of its sources). |
| Wikipedia (according to the sources of each article) | Wikipedia「Bank of Amsterdam」Document・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-10-19 | — | Via teaching materials (Wikipedia's description and the bibliography of its sources). |
| Wikipedia (according to the sources of each article) | Wikipedia「Bank of France」Document・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-10-19 | — | Via teaching materials (Wikipedia's description and the bibliography of its sources). |
| Wikipedia (according to the sources of each article) | Wikipedia「Barter」「History of banking」Document・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-10-19 | — | Via teaching materials (Wikipedia's description and the bibliography of its sources). |
| Wikipedia (according to the sources of each article) | Wikipedia「Battle of Philippi」「Marcus Junius Brutus」Document・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-10-19 | — | Via teaching materials (Wikipedia's description and the bibliography of its sources). |
| Wikipedia (according to the sources of each article) | Wikipedia「Beard tax」Document・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-10-19 | — | Via teaching materials (Wikipedia's description and the bibliography of its sources). |
| Wikipedia (according to the sources of each article) | Wikipedia「Bitcoin」Document・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-10-19 | — | Via teaching materials (Wikipedia's description and the bibliography of its sources). |
| Wikipedia (according to the sources of each article) | Wikipedia「Bracteate」「Ewiger Pfennig」Document・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-10-19 | — | Via teaching materials (Wikipedia's description and the bibliography of its sources). |
| Wikipedia (according to the sources of each article) | Wikipedia「Brazilian gold rush」「Methuen Treaty」「Moidore」「Portuguese escudo」Document・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-10-19 | — | Via teaching materials (Wikipedia's description and the bibliography of its sources). |
| Wikipedia (according to the sources of each article) | Wikipedia「California gold rush」「Samuel Brannan」Document・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-10-19 | — | Via teaching materials (Wikipedia's description and the bibliography of its sources). |
| Wikipedia (according to the sources of each article) | Wikipedia「Carolingian monetary system」「Charlemagne」Document・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-10-19 | — | Via teaching materials (Wikipedia's description and the bibliography of its sources). |
| Wikipedia (according to the sources of each article) | Wikipedia「Champagne fairs」「History of banking」Document・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-10-19 | — | Via teaching materials (Wikipedia's description and the bibliography of its sources). |
| Wikipedia (according to the sources of each article) | Wikipedia「Coinage Act of 1792」「Mercury dime」「Unity makes strength」Document・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-10-19 | — | Via teaching materials (Wikipedia's description and the bibliography of its sources). |
| Wikipedia (according to the sources of each article) | Wikipedia「Coinage of India」「Indian rupee」「East India Company」Document・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-10-19 | — | Via teaching materials (Wikipedia's description and the bibliography of its sources). |
| Wikipedia (according to the sources of each article) | Wikipedia「Coins of British India」「Emperor of India」Document・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-10-19 | — | Via teaching materials (Wikipedia's description and the bibliography of its sources). |
| Wikipedia (according to the sources of each article) | Wikipedia「Confederate States dollar」Document・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-10-19 | — | Via teaching materials (Wikipedia's description and the bibliography of its sources). |
| Wikipedia (according to the sources of each article) | Wikipedia「Counterfeit money」Document・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-10-19 | — | Via teaching materials (Wikipedia's description and the bibliography of its sources). |
| Wikipedia (according to the sources of each article) | Wikipedia「Credit card」「Mobile payment」Document・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-10-19 | — | Via teaching materials (Wikipedia's description and the bibliography of its sources). |
| Wikipedia (according to the sources of each article) | German Wikipedia "Wörgler Schwundgeld"; English Wikipedia "Demurrage currency".Document・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-10-19 | — | Via teaching materials (Wikipedia's description and the bibliography of its sources). |
| Wikipedia (according to the sources of each article) | German Wikipedia "Zwin"; English Wikipedia "Bruges".Document・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-10-19 | — | Via teaching materials (Wikipedia's description and the bibliography of its sources). |
| Wikipedia (according to the sources of each article) | Wikipedia「Demand Note」「United States Note」「Free silver」Document・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-10-19 | — | Via teaching materials (Wikipedia's description and the bibliography of its sources). |
| Wikipedia (according to the sources of each article) | Wikipedia「Denarius」Document・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-10-19 | — | Via teaching materials (Wikipedia's description and the bibliography of its sources). |
| Wikipedia (according to the sources of each article) | Wikipedia「Dinar」「Lira」Document・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-10-19 | — | Via teaching materials (Wikipedia's description and the bibliography of its sources). |
| Wikipedia (according to the sources of each article) | Wikipedia「Dollar sign」「Peso」「Spanish peseta」Document・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-10-19 | — | Via teaching materials (Wikipedia's description and the bibliography of its sources). |
| Wikipedia (according to the sources of each article) | Wikipedia「Double-entry bookkeeping」Document・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-10-19 | — | Via teaching materials (Wikipedia's description and the bibliography of its sources). |
| Wikipedia (according to the sources of each article) | Wikipedia「Early American currency」Document・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-10-19 | — | Via teaching materials (Wikipedia's description and the bibliography of its sources). |
| Wikipedia (according to the sources of each article) | Wikipedia「Emperor of India」「Indian Currency Committee」Document・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-10-19 | — | Via teaching materials (Wikipedia's description and the bibliography of its sources). |
| Wikipedia (according to the sources of each article) | Wikipedia, Spanish edition, "Columnario".Document・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-10-19 | — | Via teaching materials (Wikipedia's description and the bibliography of its sources). |
| Wikipedia (according to the sources of each article) | Wikipedia「EURion constellation」「Superdollar」Document・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-10-19 | — | Via teaching materials (Wikipedia's description and the bibliography of its sources). |
| Wikipedia (according to the sources of each article) | Wikipedia 'Executive Order 6102' (includes text of the order)Document・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-10-19 | — | Via teaching materials (Wikipedia's description and the bibliography of its sources). |
| Wikipedia (according to the sources of each article) | Wikipedia「Fiat money」Document・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-10-19 | — | Via teaching materials (Wikipedia's description and the bibliography of its sources). |
| Wikipedia (according to the sources of each article) | Wikipedia「Financial history of the Dutch Republic」「Eighty Years’ War」Document・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-10-19 | — | Via teaching materials (Wikipedia's description and the bibliography of its sources). |
| Wikipedia (according to the sources of each article) | Wikipedia: 'First Opium War', 'Treaty of Nanking', and the Japanese edition 'Ahen Sensō' (Opium War).Document・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-10-19 | — | Via teaching materials (Wikipedia's description and the bibliography of its sources). |
| Wikipedia (according to the sources of each article) | Wikipedia「Florin (English coin)」Document・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-10-19 | — | Via teaching materials (Wikipedia's description and the bibliography of its sources). |
| Wikipedia (according to the sources of each article) | Wikipedia「Fourrée」Document・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-10-19 | — | Via teaching materials (Wikipedia's description and the bibliography of its sources). |
| Wikipedia (according to the sources of each article) | Wikipedia, French "Napoléon (pièce de monnaie)" and English "Napoléon (coin)".Document・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-10-19 | — | Via teaching materials (Wikipedia's description and the bibliography of its sources). |
| Wikipedia (according to the sources of each article) | Wikipedia「Francis Drake」「Spanish Armada」Document・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-10-19 | — | Via teaching materials (Wikipedia's description and the bibliography of its sources). |
| Wikipedia (according to the sources of each article) | Wikipedia 'German mark (1871)' and Italian version 'Lira italiana'Document・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-10-19 | — | Via teaching materials (Wikipedia's description and the bibliography of its sources). |
| Wikipedia (according to the sources of each article) | Wikipedia「Gold coin」Document・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-10-19 | — | Via teaching materials (Wikipedia's description and the bibliography of its sources). |
| Wikipedia (according to the sources of each article) | Wikipedia「Gold standard」Document・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-10-19 | — | Via teaching materials (Wikipedia's description and the bibliography of its sources). |
| Wikipedia (according to the sources of each article) | Wikipedia「Goldsmith banker」「Paper money」Document・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-10-19 | — | Via teaching materials (Wikipedia's description and the bibliography of its sources). |
| Wikipedia (according to the sources of each article) | Wikipedia「Great Debasement」「Gresham’s law」「Thomas Gresham」Document・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-10-19 | — | Via teaching materials (Wikipedia's description and the bibliography of its sources). |
| Wikipedia (according to the sources of each article) | Wikipedia「Great Recoinage of 1696」Document・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-10-19 | — | Via teaching materials (Wikipedia's description and the bibliography of its sources). |
| Wikipedia (according to the sources of each article) | Wikipedia「Guinea (coin)」「William Chaloner」「Gold standard」Document・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-10-19 | — | Via teaching materials (Wikipedia's description and the bibliography of its sources). |
| Wikipedia (according to the sources of each article) | Wikipedia「Hispania (personification)」Document・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-10-19 | — | Via teaching materials (Wikipedia's description and the bibliography of its sources). |
| Wikipedia (according to the sources of each article) | Wikipedia「Electrum」「Hoard」「History of coins」Document・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-10-19 | — | Via teaching materials (Wikipedia's description and the bibliography of its sources). |
| Wikipedia (according to the sources of each article) | Wikipedia「Hoard」Document・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-10-19 | — | Via teaching materials (Wikipedia's description and the bibliography of its sources). |
| Wikipedia (according to the sources of each article) | Wikipedia "Holy Roman Empire" and German Wikipedia "Reichsstände" and "Münzrecht".Document・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-10-19 | — | Via teaching materials (Wikipedia's description and the bibliography of its sources). |
| Wikipedia (according to the sources of each article) | Wikipedia「Hungarian pengő」Document・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-10-19 | — | Via teaching materials (Wikipedia's description and the bibliography of its sources). |
| Wikipedia (according to the sources of each article) | Wikipedia「Ides of March coin」Document・Secondary Source ／ Date Verified 2026-10-19 | — | Via teaching materials (Wikipedia's description and the bibliography of its sources). |