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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Wikipedia: 'First Opium War', 'Treaty of Nanking', and the Japanese edition 'Ahen Sensō' (Opium War).

Wikipedia (according to the sources of each article)

Claims Supported by This Source

  1. The sale of Indian opium began in 1781; Chinese merchants paid for it with silver, which flowed out of the country.
  2. The war lasted from September 4, 1839, to August 29, 1842 (the Japanese edition states from June 28, 1840).
  3. Hong Kong Island was ceded under the Treaty of Nanking ("Treaty of Nanking").

How to read the verification levels. 'Read' means the material was read in its entirety. 'Bibliography and abstract confirmed' means the bibliographic information and abstract were verified. 'Via course material' means the source was referenced through the main text of a book or a country's monetary history. The text hash is the SHA-256 of the main text from the original source page, excluding tags and whitespace, used to detect if the material has been altered.