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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Japanese Wikipedia, 'Currency Issues of the Bakumatsu Period'

Wikipedia (according to the sources of each article)

Claims Supported by This Source

  1. The gold-to-silver ratio was about 1:4.65 in Japan and about 1:15.3 in foreign countries.
  2. The amount of outflow is said to be between 100,000 and 500,000 ryō in half a year, but there is no consensus.
  3. Shizume (2016) states that recent research suggests the scale of the outflow was not that large.

How to read the verification levels. 'Read' means the material was read in its entirety. 'Bibliography and abstract confirmed' means the bibliographic information and abstract were verified. 'Via course material' means the source was referenced through the main text of a book or a country's monetary history. The text hash is the SHA-256 of the main text from the original source page, excluding tags and whitespace, used to detect if the material has been altered.