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NOMISMA
Read history Money history: the world and JapanBubbles, frauds and financial crisesPeople who changed moneyReadingsSee all of Read history
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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Wikipedia, "Operation Bernhard" and Japanese edition, "Berunharuto Sakusen".

Wikipedia (according to the sources of each article)

Claims Supported by This Source

  1. Barracks 18 and 19 of the Sachsenhausen concentration camp; production from January 1943 (Wikipedia description. The source for the month is p. 143 of the 2009 English translation of Burger's memoir, but he himself arrived at Sachsenhausen in 1944, meaning it is a recollection from someone not present at the time. NOMISMA's main text does not specify the month, stating only that the notes were "produced and circulated in 1943").
  2. Estimates of the total value range from over £132.61 million to £300 million (the Japanese version states £150 million) (Wikipedia description. The source for the upper limit of £300 million is a single magazine article from 1985, which has not been read. NOMISMA's main text does not state a definitive figure).
  3. A Bank of England official described them as the most dangerous forgeries, with the watermark being the most reliable clue for detection (Wikipedia description. The source for the watermark claim is a single research book, which has not been read; as it contradicts the Bank of England's own explanation of duplicate serial numbers, it is not adopted in NOMISMA's main text).

How to read the verification levels. 'Read' means the material was read in its entirety. 'Bibliography and abstract confirmed' means the bibliographic information and abstract were verified. 'Via course material' means the source was referenced through the main text of a book or a country's monetary history. The text hash is the SHA-256 of the main text from the original source page, excluding tags and whitespace, used to detect if the material has been altered.