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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Emperor Qianlong, "Edict to King George III" (1793, English translation by Backhouse & Bland, 1914)

Emperor Qianlong (Fordham University Modern History Sourcebook)

Claims Supported by This Source

  1. "Our Celestial Empire possesses all things... we have no need of your country's manufactures."
  2. "We have therefore no need to import the manufactures of outside barbarians."
  3. Tea, silk, and porcelain were necessities in Europe.

How to read the verification levels. 'Read' means the material was read in its entirety. 'Bibliography and abstract confirmed' means the bibliographic information and abstract were verified. 'Via course material' means the source was referenced through the main text of a book or a country's monetary history. The text hash is the SHA-256 of the main text from the original source page, excluding tags and whitespace, used to detect if the material has been altered.