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BIBLIOGRAPHY

The International Role of the U.S. Dollar – 2025 Edition

Federal Reserve Board（FEDS Notes）

Claims Supported by This Source

  1. The US dollar accounts for about 50% of SWIFT international payments (60% including intra-Eurozone).
  2. The US dollar is involved in about 88% of foreign exchange trades (BIS).

How to read the verification levels. 'Read' means the material was read in its entirety. 'Bibliography and abstract confirmed' means the bibliographic information and abstract were verified. 'Via course material' means the source was referenced through the main text of a book or a country's monetary history. The text hash is the SHA-256 of the main text from the original source page, excluding tags and whitespace, used to detect if the material has been altered.