History of Banks and Credit

19 country histories of money

Transacting with strangers and paying over long distances. At such times, someone verifies the other party and underwrites the risk of non-payment. From exchanges to banks, to central banks. We will trace the evolution of these guarantors.

from 2000 BC　The Temple as Bank 　Overview: the world
the Middle Ages　The Ban on Usury and Persecution 　Overview: the world
Japan　Offertory Coins and the Doso 　Overview: the world
1757–1763　Oppenheimer Bank 　Rothschild family (Frankfurt, London, Paris, Vienna, Naples)
1769　Office of the Hereditary Prince 　The Rothschild family (Frankfurt, London, Paris, Vienna, Naples)
1785　Kassel 　The Rothschild family (Frankfurt, London, Paris, Vienna, Naples)
1809–1811　Manchester 　Rothschild family (Frankfurt, London, Paris, Vienna, Naples)
1809　The City, New Court 　Rothschild family (Frankfurt, London, Paris, Vienna, Naples)
1809–1810　The London Exchange 　The Rothschild family (Frankfurt, London, Paris, Vienna, Naples)
1812–1815　A Parisian Bureau de Change 　The Rothschild family (Frankfurt, London, Paris, Vienna, Naples)
1814–1815　From the Peninsula to Belgium 　Rothschild family (Frankfurt, London, Paris, Vienna, Naples)
1818　Stock Exchange Notice 　Rothschild family (Frankfurt, London, Paris, Vienna, Naples)
1821–　The Kingdom's Treasury 　The Rothschilds (Frankfurt, London, Paris, Vienna, Naples)
1824　London 　The Rothschild family (Frankfurt, London, Paris, Vienna, Naples)
1834　New Court 　The Rothschild family (Frankfurt, London, Paris, Vienna, Naples)
The year 1839　London and Paris 　The Rothschild family (Frankfurt, London, Paris, Vienna, Naples)
1825　The Exchange in London 　The Rothschild family (Frankfurt, London, Paris, Vienna, Naples)
1825　Threadneedle Street 　The Rothschild family (Frankfurt, London, Paris, Vienna, Naples)
1825　The Bank's Vault 　The Rothschild family (Frankfurt, London, Paris, Vienna, Naples)
1838　Paris 　The Rothschild family (Frankfurt, London, Paris, Vienna, Naples)
1994　Shanghai 　The Rothschild family (Frankfurt, London, Paris, Vienna, Naples)
1836　New Court 　The Rothschild family (Frankfurt, London, Paris, Vienna, Naples)
1846　London 　The Rothschild family (Frankfurt, London, Paris, Vienna, Naples)
1855　Vienna 　The Rothschild Family (Frankfurt, London, Paris, Vienna, Naples)
1931　Vienna 　Rothschild family (Frankfurt, London, Paris, Vienna, Naples)
From 1931　Austrian National Bank 　Rothschild family (Frankfurt, London, Paris, Vienna, Naples)
1853–1859　Seine-et-Marne 　Rothschild family (Frankfurt, London, Paris, Vienna, Naples)
1875　London 　Rothschild family (Frankfurt, London, Paris, Vienna, Naples)
March 9, 1876　Ministry of Finance 　Rothschild family (Frankfurt, London, Paris, Vienna, Naples)
1875–1876　London 　Rothschild family (Frankfurt, London, Paris, Vienna, Naples)
1879　New Court 　The Rothschild family (Frankfurt, London, Paris, Vienna, Naples)
1869　Bank of England 　Rothschild family (Frankfurt, London, Paris, Vienna, Naples)
1970–1983　Bank of England 　The Rothschild family (Frankfurt, London, Paris, Vienna, Naples)
1885　East End 　Rothschild family (Frankfurt, London, Paris, Vienna, Naples)
1901　Frankfurt 　The Rothschild family (Frankfurt, London, Paris, Vienna, Naples)
1989　Frankfurt 　Rothschild family (Frankfurt, London, Paris, Vienna, Naples)
1904–1905　New York 　Rothschild family (Frankfurt, London, Paris, Vienna, Naples)
1917　London 　The Rothschild family (Frankfurt, London, Paris, Vienna, Naples)
1981–1982　Paris 　The Rothschild family (Frankfurt, London, Paris, Vienna, Naples)
1983　Paris 　The Rothschild family (Frankfurt, London, Paris, Vienna, Naples)
1986　Paris 　Rothschild family (Frankfurt, London, Paris, Vienna, Naples)
the 1st century　The mint of Lugdunum 　Italy
the earlier 2nd century BC　A shopfront measuring rice 　China
10–23　A market in confusion 　China
the 3rd century　The Cosmetic of the Silver Wash 　Overview: the world
3rd century BC　Port at the mouth of the Nile 　Greece
about AD 309–312　Constantinople 　Overview: the world
4th century BC　Money changer's table in the Agora 　Greece
375/4 BC　Excavation area of the Agora 　Greece
377–373 BC　Sanctuary of Apollo at Delos 　Greece
the end of the 5th century　Ravenna 　Italy
From c. 510 BC　The inscription ΑΘΕ 　Greece
the 11th–8th centuries BC　A casting site in the Yellow River valley 　China
772　The market of the Heijō Capital 　Japan
the 9th century　The Origin of the Cheque 　Overview: the world
the 8th–9th centuries　A merchant's counting desk in Chang'an 　China
8th–10th centuries　Baltic Sea Coast 　Russia
996　A workbench in the mint 　Korea
AD 1023　Song China 　Overview: the world
1023　Chengdu: the Jiaozi office of Yizhou 　China
the earlier 11th century　The County of Barcelona 　Spain
4th–11th centuries　The Imperial Scales 　Greece
1070s–1080s　The Imperial Capital in Civil War 　Greece
1086　The battlefield of Sagrajas 　Spain
the 11th–12th centuries　The Heian Capital 　Japan
as a question　At the close of the Twelve Imperial Coins 　Japan
the later 12th century　An English mint 　Britain
the 11th–12th centuries　A market straddling the frontier 　Spain
the 12th century　The hall of the commune 　Italy
12th century　A provincial market 　Korea
from 1180　An English market 　Britain
the later 13th century–the 14th century　The estates and the highways 　Japan
the 12th–13th centuries　Troyes, Champagne 　France
the earlier 13th century　An English market 　Britain
the 11th–13th centuries　London and the cities of England 　Britain
the 13th century　St Mark's Square 　Italy
the 13th century　The market of Florence 　Italy
AD 1252　Florence 　Overview: the world
1252　The Zecca of Genoa 　Italy
1260　Dadu: the hall of enthronement 　China
1285　Bruges, the square before the Ter Beurse 　Netherlands
Circa 1327　Before the furnace of the mint 　Turkey
from 1337　A Florentine merchant house 　Britain
the 1340s　Florence 　Britain
the 1340s　The court of London 　Italy
the 1340s　The Zecca of Florence 　Italy
1343–46　A street in Florence 　Italy
the 12th–14th centuries　The Knights Templar 　Overview: the world
the 12th–14th centuries　The Temple enclosure, Paris 　France
1279–the 14th century　London and the Low Countries 　Britain
the 13th–14th centuries　The trade routes of the North Sea 　Britain
the 14th century　A wool export port 　Britain
the 14th century–2002　The Low Countries, a land of sea and ledgers 　Netherlands
the 11th–14th centuries　The trade routes of the southern seas 　China
the 14th century　A money-changer's table 　Italy
the 13th–14th centuries　A corner of the market 　Italy
the 13th–14th centuries　A money-changer's ledger 　Italy
the 13th–14th centuries　The fairs of Champagne 　Italy
the 13th–14th centuries　A church pulpit 　Italy
the earlier 14th century　The head office in Florence 　Italy
the 14th century　Venice and Florence 　Italy
13th–14th centuries　Anatolian market 　Turkey
1375–1400　Before the edict banning silver 　China
1397　Florence 　Italy
the 15th century　The Medici Bank 　Overview: the world
the later 15th century　A market of Castile 　Spain
the end of the 15th century　The low country, a merchant's counting-table 　Netherlands
the 15th century　A desk of voyage accounts 　Portugal
the 13th–15th centuries　The Zecca of Florence 　Italy
the end of the 15th century　The mint of Istanbul 　Italy
the middle of the 15th century　The Medici palace 　Italy
1455–1485　An English battlefield 　Britain
1457　The mint of Lisbon 　Portugal
1472　Siena 　Italy
1494　A street in Florence 　Italy
1521–1543　The seventeen provinces, upon the ledger 　Netherlands
1523　The emperor's study 　Spain
from 1525　Almadén, the mercury mines 　Spain
1531　Antwerp, the new exchange 　Netherlands
1544–1551　An English town 　Britain
the 16th century　The great exchange fair of Lyon 　France
the end of the 16th century　The market of a territorial town 　Germany
the 16th century　A mint of the New World 　Spain
the earlier 16th century　Flanders, a banker's counting-table 　Spain
the 16th century　The royal archive 　Spain
the middle of the 16th century　The port of Genoa 　Spain
the 15th–16th centuries　The fairs of Flanders 　Portugal
the 14th–16th centuries　The harbour of Alexandria 　Italy
the 16th century　The court of the Grand Duke of Tuscany 　Italy
1557　Antwerp 　Netherlands
1560–1561　The London mint 　Britain
1562–1598　France in civil war 　France
1571　London, the Royal Exchange 　Britain
1572–1574　Cities under siege 　Netherlands
1574　Leiden 　Netherlands
1575–1576　Antwerp 　Netherlands
1576　Antwerp 　Spain
1579　Utrecht 　Netherlands
1585–1622　An emptied merchant house, Antwerp 　Netherlands
from 1601　Nihonbashi Honcho, Edo 　Japan
1606　A money-changer's counter, Amsterdam 　Netherlands
1609　The town hall of Amsterdam 　Netherlands
1609–1683　The vault beneath the Amsterdam town hall 　Netherlands
1619–1623　A town of soaring prices 　Germany
from 1628　Imabashi in Osaka 　Japan
1637–1841　A printing shop in the Low Countries 　Netherlands
1649　The Potosí mint 　Spain
the 17th century　The London Goldsmiths 　Overview: the world
from the 17th century　Edo and Osaka 　Japan
the end of the 17th century　The Netherlands and London 　Britain
the 17th century　A frontier settlement 　United States
the 17th century　The canal streets of Amsterdam 　Netherlands
the 17th century　The harbour of Amsterdam 　Netherlands
the 17th century　The trading post at New Amsterdam 　Netherlands
the 17th century　A height above the harbour of Amsterdam 　Netherlands
17th Century　Guangzhou and Moscow 　Russia
17th century–present　A student's desk 　Korea
Late 17th century　A market on the peninsula 　Greece
1652　Potosí, the mint rebuilt 　Spain
1659　A mint of the Republic 　Netherlands
1672　The Hague and the water line 　Netherlands
1672　The bank in the town hall, Amsterdam 　Netherlands
1680 and 1694　The mint of the province of Holland 　Netherlands
1688　A study in Amsterdam 　Netherlands
1688–1689　The North Sea, the water of a great fleet 　Netherlands
the 1690s　London after the Glorious Revolution 　Britain
from 1690　The assembly of a colonial government 　United States
1690　In Front of the Furnace 　Turkey
AD 1694　The Bank of England 　Overview: the world
1694　The City of London 　Britain
from 1694　England in wartime 　Britain
1694 and 1913　London and Washington 　United States
1694　London 　Netherlands
1700–1715　The gardens of Marly 　France
1716–1719　Rue Vivienne, Paris 　France
1717–1720　The Mississippi and Paris 　France
1720　The Banque Royale, Paris 　France
1720　London in its frenzy 　Britain
the end of the 18th century　Across England 　Britain
from 1750　The market where the standard is posted 　Germany
from the middle of the 18th century　The mint of the royal capital, Berlin 　Germany
the 17th–18th centuries　Potosí, the mountain of silver 　United States
the 18th century　The counting-house of a merchant bank, Amsterdam 　Netherlands
the 18th century　The mint of Lisbon 　Portugal
the later 18th century　A bank counter in Lisbon 　Portugal
17th–18th centuries　The city of Ahmedabad 　India
17th–18th centuries　Money changer's shop 　India
17th–18th centuries　Bengal 　India
17th–18th centuries　Imperial tribute payment 　India
1762　Vienna City Bank 　Austria
1763 and 1772　Amsterdam and Hamburg 　Netherlands
1768–1792　Saint Petersburg 　Russia
1772–　Spanish Royal House 　Mexico
1777–1781　A banker's office in Paris 　France
AD 1780　Vienna 　Overview: the world
the Middle Ages　The Bill of Exchange 　Overview: the world
1780–　Mint dies 　Austria
1782　Madrid, the Bank of San Carlos 　Spain
1782　Amsterdam 　Netherlands
from 1787　In the silence of the text 　United States
1789　Kuramae in Asakusa, Edo 　Japan
1790　The office of the Secretary of the Treasury 　United States
1790–1791　London, the Bank of England 　United States
1790–1791　The vault of the bank, Amsterdam 　Netherlands
1791　The Secretary of State's study 　United States
1791　Philadelphia, the First Bank of the United States 　United States
1795　The town hall, Amsterdam 　Netherlands
1797　London, the Bank of England 　Britain
1797　A print shop in London 　Britain
1797–1821　London, the place of execution 　Britain
1798–1805　The discount window of a Paris bank 　France
1800　Place Vendôme, Paris 　France
Circa 1800　Money changer's counter 　Austria
1803–1804　The Ministry of Finance, Paris 　France
1805–1806　The vault and teller's window of the Banque de France 　France
1806–1814　A port under the Continental Blockade 　France
1810　Westminster, the Parliament 　Britain
1810–1813　A house on a canal, Amsterdam 　Netherlands
1810s　Chihuahua 　Mexico
1811　Washington, the federal Congress 　United States
1811–1814　Army of Morelos 　Mexico
from 1812　The United States in wartime 　United States
1813–1815　Amsterdam 　Netherlands
1815–1825　The public-debt registry, Paris 　France
1816　Philadelphia, the Second Bank of the United States 　United States
1816　Philadelphia 　United States
1816–1847　Morning along an Amsterdam canal 　Netherlands
1816　Vienna 　Austria
1816　The bank building 　Austria
1819　Towns across America 　United States
the 1820s　Philadelphia, the hall of the bank 　United States
1820s　A Market in Vienna 　Austria
1821　The counter of the Bank of England 　Britain
1825–1893　Manning & Mackintosh 　Mexico
1828　Washington 　United States
1828　A bank in a port town of Java 　Netherlands
1830–1847　An haute banque salon, Paris 　France
the 1830s　Before the vault of the Second Bank 　United States
1832　Washington, the presidential mansion 　United States
1836　Philadelphia 　United States
from 1837　A town of the western frontier 　United States
1837 and 1857　A port town in the panic 　United States
1839　Saint Petersburg 　Russia
1840s–50s　A market stall 　Turkey
1840　A merchant's counting house 　Turkey
1841–1843　Edo 　Japan
1841　The head office in Athens 　Greece
1844　Westminster 　Britain
1847–1866　The financial quarter of the City 　Britain
1848　The Banque de France, Paris 　France
1848–1865　A money-changer's, Paris 　France
1848–1886　From California to South Africa 　Britain
the earlier 19th century　London, the arena of debate 　Britain
the later 19th century　The Port of London and the City 　Britain
the middle of the 19th century　Places of trade across America 　United States
the middle of the 19th century　A merchant's counting-table 　United States
the middle of the 19th century　The forest of the interior 　United States
the 17th–19th centuries　The front of a native bank (qianzhuang) 　China
the 18th–19th centuries　A merchant's hands stamping chopmarks 　China
the beginning of the 19th century　A bank in Rio de Janeiro 　Portugal
the earlier 19th century　The market of Lisbon 　Portugal
the middle of the 19th century　A counter of the Bank of Portugal 　Portugal
17th-19th centuries　Chinese market 　Mexico
19th century　China 　Mexico
19th century　India Office 　India
19th Century　The Two Ends of the Settlement 　India
19th century　18th and 19th Centuries 　India
19th century　Two Obverses 　India
19th century　Galata, Istanbul 　Turkey
Second half of the 19th century　Cities of the Empire 　Turkey
Second half of the 19th century　A meeting room in the Treasury 　Turkey
18th–19th centuries　A merchant house in Kaesong 　Korea
1852–1867　Haussmann's Paris 　France
1856　An office in London 　Turkey
1856　City of London 　Turkey
the 1860s　A merchant's counting-table, once more 　United States
1861　Viceroy's Assent 　India
1861　The three Presidencies 　India
1861　Terms of the contract 　India
1862　A street in the bazaar 　Turkey
1863–1864　Washington, the Treasury 　United States
1863　The contract room 　Turkey
1863　The grand hall of the bank 　Turkey
1863–　Printing Room 　Turkey
From 1863　A bank vault 　Turkey
1865　Hizen, Nagasaki, Oura 　Japan
1865　Paris (the monetary conference) 　France
1865　The counter of a state bank 　United States
from 1865　New York, Wall Street 　United States
1866–1885　The teller's window of a Swiss bank 　France
1867–　Austro-Hungarian Bank 　Austria
1868–1910　Bank exchange counter 　Greece
1870–1893　London 　India
1871　The Banque de France, Paris 　France
1871–1914　The Paris Bourse 　France
1871–1895　San Francisco 　Mexico
1873　Tokyo, Kabutocho 　Japan
1873–1914　The Banque de France, the convertibility window 　France
1873　Lombard Street 　Britain
19 March 1874　Madrid, the Bank of Spain 　Spain
from 1874　The cities of the peninsula 　Italy
October 6, 1875　The Sublime Porte 　Turkey
1876　Tokyo 　Japan
1876–1879　castle towns across the country 　Japan
1876　Berlin, the Reichsbank 　Germany
1877　Tokyo, the Paper Money Bureau 　Japan
1878–1893　The banking streets of the East and the farmland of the West 　United States
1882　Tokyo, Nihonbashi Hakozaki 　Japan
1882–1899　Tokyo, the Bank of Japan 　Japan
1883　Madrid, a bank counter 　Spain
1883　The treasury ministry in Rome 　Italy
1883　Tobacco collection depot 　Turkey
1885　the darkness of the storehouse 　Japan
1888–1917　A middle-class parlour, Paris 　France
the 1890s　Washington and Wall Street 　United States
1890s　The Exchange 　Austria
1890s–　Tax payment counter 　Korea
1893　Rome 　Italy
1893　Rome 　Italy
1895　Shimonoseki, London 　Japan
1897　Saint Petersburg 　Russia
1898–1913　The site of settlement 　India
1898　The Commission's offices in Athens 　Greece
1899–1911　Taipei, Busan 　Japan
the 1900s　America, the house of the gold standard 　United States
1900s　In front of a merchant's shop 　Korea
1904　London, the City 　Japan
1904　London 　Japan
1905　Bill exchange counter 　Korea
From 1905　At the counter of the Dai-Ichi Bank 　Korea
1906　Osaka Mint 　Korea
1907　New York, Morgan's library 　United States
1909　Hanseong 　Korea
November 1910　A night heading south 　United States
1910　Georgia, Jekyll Island 　United States
1910–1912　Washington, the Congress 　United States
1910〜1914　All of Mexico 　Mexico
1910–1914　Chihuahua 　Mexico
1910–1914　Chihuahua 　Mexico
1911　Keijō 　Korea
1911–　Issuing Department 　Korea
1911–1945　Bank counter 　Korea
Colonial period　Counting house 　South Korea
From 1911　Face 　South Korea
Colonial period　Inside a wallet 　South Korea
1912–1913　Washington, the drafting desk 　United States
January 1912　Head office in Keijō 　Korea
from 1913　America, the twelve districts 　United States
1913–1916　Market 　Mexico
1914–1920　The Banque de France, the convertibility window 　France
1914–1918　London, the Treasury 　Britain
1914　A bank counter in Amsterdam 　Netherlands
1914–1918　The harbour of a neutral country 　Netherlands
1914–18　Households 　Austria
1914　The boardroom of the Imperial Ottoman Bank 　Turkey
1914–15　Telegraph Room of the Grand Vizier's Office 　Turkey
1915–1918　The Banque de France, the teller's window 　France
1915–18　Vaults in Berlin and Vienna 　Turkey
1916　Carranza Government 　Mexico
1916　Market 　Mexico
1916　Constitutional Congress of Querétaro 　Mexico
1916-1920　Under the floors of houses 　Mexico
1917–1919　The negotiating chamber at Versailles 　France
1918–1951　1942 　India
1918–19　Austro-Hungarian Bank 　Austria
1919　The market of Turin 　Italy
1920　Tokyo, Kabutocho 　Japan
the 1920s　New York, a bank vault 　United States
1920s–1930s　Until 1930 　India
Late 1920s　Vienna 　Austria
November 1922　Vienna 　Austria
1922　The exchange window 　Greece
1923–1926　Tokyo, the Bank of Japan 　Japan
November 1923　The bank counter, the old paper and the new 　Germany
1923–1935　1926 　India
1923–1935　The Committee's Proposal 　India
1923–1935　Bombay 　India
1923–1935　From 1893 　India
January 1, 1923　Oesterreichische Nationalbank 　Austria
1923　Exchange Counter 　Austria
1925　London, a study 　Britain
1925–1926　The Bank of Portugal 　Portugal
1925–1932　Mexico City 　Mexico
1925–1932　The Market 　Mexico
1925–1932　Mexico City 　Mexico
1926–1928　The Banque de France 　France
1926　The square of Pesaro 　Italy
1926–27　A chancellery in Rome 　Italy
1926　The Bank of Italy 　Italy
1927　Tokyo 　Japan
1927　Kobe, Taipei 　Japan
1927　Tokyo 　Japan
September 1927　Geneva 　Greece
May 1928　Athens 　Greece
October 1929　New York, the stock exchange 　United States
1930–1933　Across America, before the bank doors 　United States
1930–1933　The Federal Reserve System 　United States
June 11, 1930　The Parliament in Ankara 　Turkey
1930　Establishment 　Turkey
1931　The City of London 　Britain
May 1931　Vienna 　Austria
1931　On the books 　Austria
1931　From Central to Western Europe 　Austria
October 3, 1931　A counter at the Central Bank 　Turkey
1931　Office for Foreign Exchange Controls 　Greece
1932　The pages of the Official Gazette 　Greece
AD 1933　The United States 　Overview: the world
from 1933　A desk outside the ledgers 　Germany
March 1933　An American living room, the radio alight 　United States
from 1933　A shop putting away its scales 　China
1933–1937　A street where modern banks rise 　China
1933　The negotiation table 　Turkey
November 1935　A counter collecting silver 　China
1936　Tokyo, Akasaka 　Japan
1936–1939　The Banque de France 　France
1937–44　At the bank counter 　Turkey
1938　The vaults of the National Bank 　Austria
from 1939　The closed border 　Spain
From 1941　Athens under occupation 　Greece
May 1941　The Bank of Greece printing works 　Greece
1942–1953　A town on Java in the rainy season 　Netherlands
1944　Bretton Woods, the conference table 　United States
1945　A bank counter, the autumn of declarations 　Netherlands
1945–1948　A shop lined with large-denomination paper 　China
August 15, 1945　The streets of Keijō 　Korea
1945　In circulation 　Korea
August–September 1945　The site of issue 　Korea
1946　the bank window 　Japan
1946–60　The Foreign Exchange Window 　Turkey
January 1946　A conference room in London 　Greece
1947　The governor's office at the central bank 　Italy
1947–1948　Dominion of Pakistan 　India
1947–1948　Reserve Bank of India 　India
1947–1948　July 1, 1948 　India
December 1947　Savings banks 　Russia
December 1947　Savings Bank 　Russia
December 1947　Provinces 　Russia
20 June 1948　The exchange counter in the western occupation zones 　Germany
1 December 1948　The founding of the People's Bank of China 　China
1948–1955　The first notes off the press 　China
the 18th–20th centuries　The caravan routes of the Middle East and Africa 　Germany
the earlier 20th century　A bank in Luanda 　Portugal
May 5, 1950　Seoul 　South Korea
June 12, 1950　Bank of Korea Headquarters 　South Korea
June 25, 1950　38th Parallel 　South Korea
June 12, 1950　Handover of the books 　South Korea
1950　In the occupied city 　South Korea
July 22, 1950　Provisional Capital 　South Korea
From August 28, 1950　Exchange Office 　South Korea
1950–1953　Busan 　South Korea
1950–1953　A Market in Busan 　South Korea
1953–1962　The Central Bank's ledgers 　South Korea
1954-1973　The bank's foreign exchange window 　Greece
1957　The Deutsche Bundesbank 　Germany
the 1957s–the 1980s　The sea of European exchange rates 　Germany
the 1957s–the 1980s　Everyday life in West Germany 　Germany
1959–1970　This country's central bank 　India
1960　Foreign Exchange Board 　Turkey
1960s–1980s　Bank counter 　South Korea
1962–1990　1962 　India
1964　in front of the bank 　Japan
1968–1971　The counters of banks and shops 　Britain
until 1968　London, the gold market 　United States
the late 1970s　A factory in Lisbon 　Portugal
August 10, 1970　A currency exchange counter 　Turkey
1970s–1990s　Between the bank and the kye 　South Korea
AD 1971　15 August 1971 　Overview: the world
1975–78　A bank counter 　Italy
the 1980s　The institution of the central bank 　United States
1981–1982　The boardroom of a great Paris bank 　France
1982–1991　Between two central banks 　Netherlands
1982–1988　Mexico City 　Mexico
1982–1988　Mexico City 　Mexico
1982–1988　Domestic banks 　Mexico
1982-1988　Mexico City 　Mexico
March 1983　The foreign-exchange market 　Netherlands
1 July 1990　A bank counter in East Germany 　Germany
1991　Zurich 　India
1991　Bank of England 　India
1991　London 　India
January 23–25, 1991　Various locations 　Russia
December 1991　Moscow 　Russia
1992　A dealing room in the City 　Britain
1992　The European foreign-exchange market 　Germany
1992–1993　Former Soviet republics 　Russia
1992–1994　Various locations 　Russia
1993　The underground vaults of the Banque de France 　France
1994–　Bank of Mexico 　Mexico
1994–present　Bank of Mexico 　Mexico
1997　The Bank of England 　Britain
November 1997　Bank of Korea 　South Korea
1998　Frankfurt, the European Central Bank 　Netherlands
August 17, 1998　Moscow 　Russia
1998　Various locations 　Russia
1998　Living room 　South Korea
1998　Central Bank 　Greece
1999　Frankfurt 　Germany
from 1999 to the present　From Frankfurt out to Europe 　Germany
1 January 1999　Madrid, the ledgers of the bank 　Spain
1999–2002　A bank counter in Lisbon 　Portugal
February 19, 2001　The trading floor of the stock exchange 　Turkey
February 21, 2001　A bank's treasury room 　Turkey
February 22, 2001　The Central Bank's press room 　Turkey
March 2001　The airport in Ankara 　Turkey
December 2001　The signing table for the agreement 　Turkey
from 2002 to the present　The counter of the Deutsche Bundesbank 　Germany
2004 & 2012　At the Bank of Greece counter 　Greece
January 1, 2005　At the bank counter 　Turkey
2005–15　Branch of the central bank 　Turkey
2006–present　In the light on the note's face 　South Korea
2008　The financial district on the night of the crisis 　United States
2011　Before the parliament in Lisbon 　Portugal
November 10, 2014　Central Bank 　Russia
June 2015　Closed Bank Doors 　Greece
2016–2018　Nationwide 　India
2016–2018　Reserve Bank of India 　India
February 2022　The vaults of various countries 　Russia
February 28, 2022　Central Bank 　Russia
August 14–15, 2023　Foreign exchange market 　Russia
August 2023–　Central Bank 　Russia
2024　a Japanese living room 　Japan
October 25, 2024　Central Bank 　Russia
2025–2026 / Present　Central Bank 　Russia
2025　Bank of Korea 　South Korea
2025–2026　The Nine Banks 　South Korea
2025–　Outside the wallet 　South Korea
into the present day　The Web of Invisible Money 　Overview: the world
the present day　Fiat Money 　Overview: the world
the present　A street corner where cash is vanishing 　Britain
the present　The digital sea 　United States
the present　The site of the old mint of Florence 　Italy
Present　The 500-Year Circle 　Mexico
Present　Central Bank Digital Currency 　India
Present　The Present of Payments 　India
Present　Central bank's vault 　India
Present　National Bank 　Austria
The Present　National Bank 　Austria
Post-war to Present　Bank of Greece 　Greece

Open on NOMISMA → ← Money history by country