What Did Rulers and States Communicate Through Coins?

19 country histories of money

We will compare the faces of kings and national emblems to examine instances where coinage carried political messages.

1. the 31st–18th centuries BC　Mesopotamia 　Overview: the world
2. the later 6th century BC　The Greek City-States 　Overview: the world
3. the 5th century BC　The Spring of Arethusa 　Overview: the world
4. about 405–400 BC　Euainetos 　Overview: the world
5. about 405 BC　Kimon's Facing Head 　Overview: the world
6. 336 BC　Alexander the Great 　Overview: the world
7. 305 BC　Ptolemy's Egypt 　Overview: the world
8. 297–281 BC　The Horns of Ammon 　Overview: the world
9. 44 BC　Caesar 　Overview: the world
10. the fifteenth of March, 44 BC　The Senate 　Overview: the world
11. 43–42 BC　The Camp of Brutus 　Overview: the world
12. 30 BC　Cleopatra 　Overview: the world
13. 27 BC　The Roman Empire 　Overview: the world
14. 1815　Exhibition room of the archives 　The Rothschild family (Frankfurt, London, Paris, Vienna, Naples)
15. 1822　The Imperial Court 　Rothschild family (Frankfurt, London, Paris, Vienna, Naples)
16. 1812–1855　The German courts 　The Rothschild family (Frankfurt, London, Paris, Vienna, Naples)
17. the 1st century　Where the Emperor's Face Reaches 　Overview: the world
18. the 4th–1st centuries BC　A Gaulish oppidum, northern Gaul 　France
19. the 2nd–1st centuries BC　The workshop of a Celtic craftsman 　Britain
20. AD 117　The Portraits of the Five Good Emperors 　Overview: the world
21. a letter to the future　To 1,600 Years On 　Overview: the world
22. 117–138　The northern sea of the province of Britannia 　Britain
23. the 4th–2nd centuries BC　The sacred precinct on the Massalian headland 　France
24. 2nd century BC　The Kingdom of Pergamon 　Greece
25. From 44 BC　Mints of the Colonies 　Greece
26. 221–206 BC　A table for inspecting coins 　China
27. the 5th–3rd centuries BC　The mint of Emporion 　Spain
28. the 3rd century BC　The mint of Qart Hadasht 　Spain
29. the 6th–3rd centuries BC　A market in the waterlands of Chu 　China
30. c. 275–c. 65 BC　Mesembria on the Black Sea 　Greece
31. Circa 292/290 BC　The court of Pella 　Greece
32. From 297 BC　Mint of Byzantion 　Greece
33. Circa 300 BC　The Royal Palace of Alexandria 　Greece
34. Circa 321 BC　Alexandria 　Greece
35. c. 323–65 BC　The British Museum Catalogue 　Greece
36. 336–323 BC　Lifetime mints 　Greece
37. From 413 BC　The harbor of Syracuse 　Greece
38. the end of the 5th century　Visigothic Hispania 　Spain
39. the 6th–5th centuries BC　A mint of the colony cities 　Italy
40. 44 BC　The mint of Rome 　Italy
41. 15 March 44　The Theatre of Pompey 　Italy
42. the end of the 5th century　Ravenna 　Italy
43. Late 5th century BC　The Fountain of Ortygia 　Greece
44. Around 510 BC　The foot of the Acropolis 　Greece
45. Circa 525–515 BC　The Minting Site 　Greece
46. AD 537　Hagia Sophia 　Overview: the world
47. the 6th century BC　Sybaris and Metapontum 　Italy
48. Mid-6th century BC　The City of Peisistratus 　Greece
49. From the mid-6th century BC　The mint of Athens 　Greece
50. Mid-6th century BC – c. 510 BC　A 19th-Century Study 　Greece
51. Late 6th to early 5th century BC　A late 6th-century BC workshop 　Greece
52. the 6th–7th centuries　The Merovingian court 　France
53. the end of the 7th century–the earlier 8th century　A market of the North Sea trading world 　Britain
54. AD 685–695　The Face of God 　Overview: the world
55. AD 696–697　Damascus 　Overview: the world
56. General History　From the Face of Gods to the Face of the State 　Overview: the world
57. the later 8th century　The court of Mercia 　Britain
58. 834–the later 9th century　Dorestad, a river channel running dry 　Netherlands
59. about 886　London 　Britain
60. the end of the 10th century–the 11th century　Scandinavia 　Britain
61. Late 10th century　Kiev 　Russia
62. the 10th–11th centuries　The Île-de-France 　France
63. the 12th–13th centuries　The territories of Saxony and Thuringia 　Germany
64. the 12th–13th centuries　Central-eastern Germany, an engraver's workshop 　Germany
65. the 13th century　St Mark's Square 　Italy
66. 12th–13th centuries　Noble's residence 　Korea
67. The Open Port Period　A storefront in an open port 　Korea
68. 1252　The Zecca of Florence 　Italy
69. 1340–1360　Upon the waters of the Channel 　Britain
70. 1344　A market in London 　Britain
71. the 12th–14th centuries　The Meseta of Castile 　Spain
72. the middle of the 15th century　The quays of Lagos 　Portugal
73. the end of the 15th century　The Zecca of Milan 　Italy
74. the end of the 15th century　The court of Milan 　Italy
75. 1461–1475　The mint of Paris 　France
76. 1465　The London mint 　Britain
77. 1472　The Zecca of Venice 　Italy
78. 1497　Castile, a gold workshop 　Spain
79. 1514–1547　The mint of the kingdom 　France
80. 1519　The city on the lake 　Mexico
81. 1521–1543　The seventeen provinces, upon the ledger 　Netherlands
82. 1521–　New Spain 　Mexico
83. 1523–1532　The treasure-room of the Louvre 　France
84. 1528–1539　The gallery of the palace of Fontainebleau 　France
85. 1544–1551　A market in London 　Britain
86. 14th–16th century　Coin face 　India
87. 15th–16th centuries　Northern Italy 　Austria
88. 16th century　Mints in Central Europe 　Austria
89. 1557　Brabant, a mint 　Netherlands
90. from 1566　The mints of the empire's territories 　Germany
91. 1566　The workshop of an engraver 　Netherlands
92. 1575　The mint of the province of Holland 　Netherlands
93. 1629–1672　The workshop of the Paris mint 　France
94. 1649–1660　London under the Commonwealth 　Britain
95. the 16th–17th centuries　A street corner in Spain itself 　Spain
96. the 16th–17th centuries　Cerro Rico, the mountain path of the legend 　Spain
97. the 17th century　A counting table at the market 　Portugal
98. the 16th–17th centuries　The Zecca of Naples 　Italy
99. the 1660s　London and the Guinea coast 　Britain
100. 1732–　Mexico City Mint 　Mexico
101. from 1741　Vienna, the Habsburg imperial capital 　Germany
102. 1741　Vienna 　Austria
103. the 18th century　The Levant, a port of the eastern Mediterranean 　Germany
104. the earlier 18th century　The towns of the several colonies 　United States
105. 18th Century　Caribbean 　Mexico
106. 18th century　East of the Mediterranean 　Austria
107. 1759–1788　Madrid 　Spain
108. 1766　Kolyvan 　Russia
109. 1767–1773　The Potosí mint 　Spain
110. From 1772　Mexico City Mint 　Mexico
111. 1780　Vienna 　Austria
112. 1780–　Mint dies 　Austria
113. from 1781　The states after the fighting has passed 　United States
114. from 1803　All of France 　France
115. AD 1804　Paris 　Overview: the world
116. 1810s　Zacatecas 　Mexico
117. 1815–1825　The public-debt registry, Paris 　France
118. 1817　London, the Royal Mint 　Britain
119. 1821–1824　Mexico City Mint 　Mexico
120. 1821–1824　Republic 　Mexico
121. 1821–1824　Mexico City Mint 　Mexico
122. 1824–　Mexico City Mint 　Mexico
123. 1835　Coin face 　India
124. From 1844　Money changer's tray 　Turkey
125. 1844–　An engraver's workbench 　Turkey
126. 1849　Rome 　Italy
127. the end of the 19th century　A money-changer's desk, light at the window 　Netherlands
128. the 18th–19th centuries　A merchant's hands stamping chopmarks 　China
129. 17th-19th centuries　Chinese market 　Mexico
130. 18th–19th centuries　Red Sea 　Austria
131. Late 19th Century　Inside a Wallet 　Austria
132. the 1860s　A merchant's counting-table, once more 　United States
133. 1861　First note 　India
134. 1863–1864　Washington, the Treasury 　United States
135. 1863–　Printing Room 　Turkey
136. 1864–1897　Mexico City Mint 　Mexico
137. 1864-1897　Querétaro 　Mexico
138. 1865–1866　The mint inspector's workbench 　France
139. 1865–1875　A farm on the Great Plains 　United States
140. 1869–1870　Madrid, the mint 　Spain
141. 1873　Washington by night 　United States
142. 1881　the Paper Money Bureau, the engraving room 　Japan
143. 1885　the darkness of the storehouse 　Japan
144. 1889–1911　A desk where the dragon die is engraved 　China
145. From 1892　The Mint 　Korea
146. 1899–1911　Taipei, Busan 　Japan
147. From 1905　At the counter of the Dai-Ichi Bank 　Korea
148. 1910–1914　Chihuahua 　Mexico
149. 1914　Peking: the issue of the new silver coin 　China
150. the 1914s–the 1930s　A counting desk inspecting silver coins 　China
151. 1915–　In circulation 　Russia
152. 1917 and 1992　Moscow 　Russia
153. 1919　Vienna 　Austria
154. 1919　Coin face 　Austria
155. 1 November 1922　The assembly hall in Ankara 　Turkey
156. 1927　De La Rue's printing works 　Turkey
157. 1927　The artist's studio 　Turkey
158. 1931　From Central to Western Europe 　Austria
159. Middle Ages—　Bottom of the Purse 　Austria
160. 1934–38　Vienna 　Austria
161. 1935–　London, Paris 　Austria
162. 1940–1944　The mint under the Vichy regime 　France
163. 1941　The mint under occupation 　Netherlands
164. 1945　Vienna 　Austria
165. 2 June 1946　The queue at a polling station 　Italy
166. 1947　The governor's office at the central bank 　Italy
167. the 18th–20th centuries　The caravan routes of the Middle East and Africa 　Germany
168. the 1950s　Small change at the market 　Italy
169. 20th century　Moscow 　Russia
170. 1957–1964　Mexico and This Country 　India
171. 1958　a Showa living room 　Japan
172. 1961–1991　Various locations 　Russia
173. 1970s–　Banknote face arrangement 　South Korea
174. June 12, 1973　In circulation 　South Korea
175. 1983–2021　Inside a British purse 　Britain
176. May 1998　The summit in Brussels 　Italy
177. from 2002　The state mint in Rome 　Italy
178. 2002–present　In your wallet 　Greece
179. 2006–2007　Inside a wallet 　South Korea
180. from AD 2009　Crypto-assets 　Overview: the world
181. June 23, 2009　In circulation 　South Korea
182. 2009　Amidst Public Opinion 　South Korea
183. 2009–present　Inside the same wallet 　South Korea
184. 2009–present　A forum for debate 　South Korea
185. 2024　a Japanese living room 　Japan
186. the present　Face to Face, 2,400 Years On 　Overview: the world
187. the present day　Why We Hold an Ancient Coin 　Overview: the world
188. the present day　The dollar settlement network 　United States
189. Present　Current coins 　Mexico
190. Present　Modern Athens 　Greece

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