Materials of Coins and Banknotes

18 country histories of money

Gold, silver, copper, paper. We will examine the properties of the materials used for money and the reasons they were chosen.

1. the later 7th century BC　Blank Electrum 　Overview: the world
2. 600 BC　Lydia · Sardis 　Overview: the world
3. the middle of the 6th century BC　Sardis · The Royal Palace 　Overview: the world
4. 280–276 BC　Early Rome 　Overview: the world
5. 27 BC　The Roman Empire 　Overview: the world
6. the age of legend　Lydia · The Pactolus 　Overview: the world
7. the 1st century BC　A settlement in south-east Britain 　Britain
8. the 2nd century BC　The market of Rome 　Italy
9. from 27 BC　An imperial mint 　Italy
10. the 7th–3rd centuries BC　The market of Linzi, capital of Qi 　China
11. 146 BC – 3rd century AD　The Provincial Market 　Greece
12. 336–323 BC　Tarsus and Babylon 　Greece
13. From 44 BC　Mints of the Colonies 　Greece
14. the 5th–4th centuries BC　The market of Rome 　Italy
15. 406/5 BC　Behind the mint 　Greece
16. Second half of the 7th century BC　Border with Lydia 　Greece
17. the 11th–8th centuries BC　A casting site in the Yellow River valley 　China
18. the 8th–9th centuries　A table where certificates are matched 　China
19. the end of the 10th century–the beginning of the 11th century　Sichuan: a merchant house in Chengdu 　China
20. AD 1024　Song · Sichuan 　Overview: the world
21. from the 11th century　Jaca, at the foot of the Pyrenees 　Spain
22. the 13th–11th centuries BC　The Shang royal capital: a tomb chamber underground 　China
23. the 11th century　An office table where paper is inspected 　China
24. from 1160　The Southern Song offices at Lin'an 　China
25. From 1204　The Fallen Imperial Capital 　Greece
26. from the 13th century to the present　The trace of a lost note 　China
27. the 13th century　A market where only paper remains 　China
28. AD 1260　Yuan · Dadu 　Overview: the world
29. 1260　Dadu: the hall of enthronement 　China
30. AD 1287　The Runaway Jiaochao 　Overview: the world
31. 1287　A workshop printing new notes 　China
32. c. 1329–1330　China and Persia 　India
33. c. 1329–1330　Military Treasury 　India
34. the 13th–14th centuries　A study in the West 　China
35. the mid-14th century　A market that refuses the paper 　China
36. 1375　The printing works of the Ming baochao 　China
37. 1401–1402　The Sasomso in Hanseong 　Korea
38. the 15th century　A market of Castile 　Spain
39. the 15th century　A shopfront where paper won't pass 　China
40. 1574　Leiden 　Netherlands
41. 1609–1683　The vault beneath the Amsterdam town hall 　Netherlands
42. about 1622　An alley in the midst of the frenzy 　Germany
43. from 1690　The assembly of a colonial government 　United States
44. 1716–1719　Rue Vivienne, Paris 　France
45. 1720–1789　France under Louis XV 　France
46. 1729　A colonial printing house 　United States
47. 1751 and 1764　London, the British Parliament 　United States
48. 1760s　A Viennese Market 　Austria
49. 1762　Vienna City Bank 　Austria
50. 1762　Vienna and Petersburg 　Austria
51. 1768–1792　Saint Petersburg 　Russia
52. 1769　Saint Petersburg 　Russia
53. June 1775　Philadelphia, the Continental Congress 　United States
54. 1775–1779　The statehouses and printing shops of the states 　United States
55. 1775–1779　New York, under British occupation 　United States
56. 1779–1780　A market during the War of Independence 　United States
57. 1781　In a turn of phrase on the street 　United States
58. from 1781　The states after the fighting has passed 　United States
59. 1787　The Constitution of the United States, Article 1, Section 10 　United States
60. from 1787　In the silence of the text 　United States
61. 1789–1790　A print shop, Paris 　France
62. 1789　Paris 　Russia
63. 1792　The Coinage Act, the penalty clause 　United States
64. 1793　Mints across France 　France
65. 1795–1803　The window of a money-changer, Paris 　France
66. 1796–1797　Place Vendôme, Paris 　France
67. 1797　London, the Bank of England 　Britain
68. 1797–1821　London, the place of execution 　Britain
69. 1798–1805　The discount window of a Paris bank 　France
70. 1811　Vienna 　Austria
71. 1816–1847　Morning along an Amsterdam canal 　Netherlands
72. 1817–1821　A street corner in London 　Britain
73. the 1820s　Philadelphia, the hall of the bank 　United States
74. 1821　The counter of the Bank of England 　Britain
75. 1828　A bank in a port town of Java 　Netherlands
76. from 1837　A town of the western frontier 　United States
77. 1837 and 1857　A port town in the panic 　United States
78. 1840　A merchant's counting house 　Turkey
79. 1841　The head office in Athens 　Greece
80. 1844　Westminster 　Britain
81. 1848–1886　From California to South Africa 　Britain
82. 1848–49　The republic of the lagoon 　Italy
83. the earlier 19th century　London, the arena of debate 　Britain
84. the middle of the 19th century　Places of trade across America 　United States
85. the middle of the 19th century　A merchant's counting-table 　United States
86. the 13th–19th centuries　A Castilian counting-table 　Spain
87. the earlier 19th century　The streets of Porto 　Portugal
88. Late 19th Century　Inside a Wallet 　Austria
89. the 1860s　A merchant's counting-table, once more 　United States
90. 1861　Viceroy's Assent 　India
91. 1862　Washington, the federal Congress 　United States
92. 1862　The banknote printing works 　United States
93. 1863–1864　Washington, the Treasury 　United States
94. 1864–1868　Edo, Kyoto, Osaka 　Japan
95. 1865　The defeated South 　United States
96. 1865　The counter of a state bank 　United States
97. 1866　A chancellery in Florence 　Italy
98. 1868　Kyoto 　Japan
99. 1868–1910　Bank exchange counter 　Greece
100. 1870s　Vienna 　Austria
101. 1872　Frankfurt 　Japan
102. 19 March 1874　Madrid, the Bank of Spain 　Spain
103. 1876–1879　castle towns across the country 　Japan
104. 1877　Tokyo, the Paper Money Bureau 　Japan
105. 1878–1881　town and village 　Japan
106. 1881　the Paper Money Bureau, the engraving room 　Japan
107. 1881–1885　Tokyo, the Finance Ministry 　Japan
108. 1881–1885　Tokyo and the farming villages 　Japan
109. 1882　Tokyo, Nihonbashi Hakozaki 　Japan
110. 1882–1899　Tokyo, the Bank of Japan 　Japan
111. 1883　Madrid, a bank counter 　Spain
112. 1890s　The Exchange 　Austria
113. 1890s–　Clandestine workshops 　Korea
114. 1890s–1904　Markets in Gyeonggi 　Korea
115. 1890s–　Tax payment counter 　Korea
116. 1892–1904　Jeonhwanguk 　Korea
117. 1893　Rome 　Italy
118. July 1894　Government offices 　Korea
119. From 1894　Counting house 　Korea
120. 1894–1904　Government office 　Korea
121. 1898　The Commission's offices in Athens 　Greece
122. 1899–1911　Taipei, Busan 　Japan
123. 1900s　A money changer's storefront 　Korea
124. 1900s　In front of a merchant's shop 　Korea
125. 1904　Government office in Hanseong 　Korea
126. July 1, 1905　Exchange Office 　Korea
127. 1905　Exchange office counter 　Korea
128. 1905　Exchange Office 　Korea
129. 1905　A merchant's shop in Hanseong 　Korea
130. From 1905　At the counter of the Dai-Ichi Bank 　Korea
131. Colonial period　Inside a wallet 　South Korea
132. the 1910s　A bank counter in Lisbon 　Portugal
133. 1910〜1914　All of Mexico 　Mexico
134. 1910–1914　Chihuahua 　Mexico
135. 1910–1914　Chihuahua 　Mexico
136. from 1913　America, where the banknote is born 　United States
137. 1913–1916　Various factions 　Mexico
138. AD 1914–1923　The Banknotes of Weimar 　Overview: the world
139. 1914–1918　London, the Treasury 　Britain
140. 1914　The counter of the Reichsbank 　Germany
141. 1914–1918　The war-bond subscription counter 　Germany
142. 1914–1918　Germany under controls 　Germany
143. 1914　A bank counter in Amsterdam 　Netherlands
144. 1914　The city 　Russia
145. 1914　Vienna 　Austria
146. 1914–18　At the bank counter 　Austria
147. 1914　The boardroom of the Imperial Ottoman Bank 　Turkey
148. 1914–15　Telegraph Room of the Grand Vizier's Office 　Turkey
149. 1915–18　Behind the front lines 　Italy
150. July 1915–　Treasury issuing office 　Turkey
151. 1915–18　Vaults in Berlin and Vienna 　Turkey
152. 1916　Constitutional Congress of Querétaro 　Mexico
153. 1916–1920　Throughout Mexico 　Mexico
154. 1916–1920　Monetary Commission 　Mexico
155. 1917　Petrograd 　Russia
156. October 1917　Petrograd 　Russia
157. 1918　Berlin, a city of defeat 　Germany
158. 1918–1951　Hyderabad 　India
159. 1918–　Petrograd 　Russia
160. 1918　Successor states 　Austria
161. 1918–19　Austro-Hungarian Bank 　Austria
162. January 1919　Belgrade 　Austria
163. February 1919　Czechoslovakia 　Austria
164. March 1919　Vienna 　Austria
165. 1920–21　Vienna 　Austria
166. March 1922　The Parliament Chamber 　Greece
167. 1922　The exchange window 　Greece
168. 1923　Berlin, the banknote printing works 　Germany
169. the autumn of 1923　A street corner, the way to the shops 　Germany
170. the autumn of 1923　Inside a house, a child's play corner 　Germany
171. 1923　The print works, the digits multiplying 　Germany
172. 1925　A printing works in London 　Portugal
173. 1925　An inspection table in Lisbon 　Portugal
174. December 5, 1927　At the bank counter 　Turkey
175. 1927　Obverse of the note 　Turkey
176. 1 November 1928　Blackboards Across the Nation 　Turkey
177. AD 1933　The United States 　Overview: the world
178. November 1935　A counter collecting silver 　China
179. 1936　The peninsula torn in two 　Spain
180. 1937　A town on the republican side 　Spain
181. 1937　Printing works receiving area 　Turkey
182. 1938–1944　across Japan 　Japan
183. 1939　The peninsula after the war 　Spain
184. 1940s　A market stall 　Turkey
185. 1941　The mint under occupation 　Netherlands
186. May 1941　The Bank of Greece printing works 　Greece
187. July 1943　The beach at Gela 　Italy
188. 1943–1944　Black market for currency exchange 　Greece
189. November 1944　Printing Bureau 　Greece
190. November 1944　Athens after the Liberation 　Greece
191. September 1945　A liberated town, the ration counter 　Netherlands
192. 1945　A bank counter, the autumn of declarations 　Netherlands
193. 1945　Post-war Vienna 　Austria
194. 1945　Counters in Occupied Territory 　Austria
195. 1948–1949　A road for carrying bundles of notes 　China
196. 1948–1955　The first notes off the press 　China
197. the earlier 20th century　A bank in Luanda 　Portugal
198. 1950–1953　The Path of Refuge 　South Korea
199. 1950s–1970s　The Mint 　South Korea
200. 1955　the water's surface 　Japan
201. 1955　A printing press in Ankara 　Turkey
202. the 1957s–the 1980s　A street corner in West Germany 　Germany
203. 1961–1991　Various locations 　Russia
204. 1975–78　A bank counter 　Italy
205. 1983–2021　Inside a British purse 　Britain
206. 1993　Moscow 　Russia
207. January 2002　A Dutch town, a morning in January 　Netherlands
208. 2002　The mint of Lisbon 　Portugal
209. 2002　A shop's cash register 　Greece
210. 2004 & 2012　At the Bank of Greece counter 　Greece
211. 2006–2007　The Mint 　South Korea
212. June 23, 2009　In circulation 　South Korea
213. 2009–present　Inside the same wallet 　South Korea
214. 2019–2020　The street corner where the trial began 　China
215. 2021　the Mint 　Japan
216. 2024　a Japanese living room 　Japan
217. the present day　Fiat Money 　Overview: the world
218. the present day　Electronic Money 　Overview: the world
219. the present　A place with nothing to show 　China
220. Present　Central Bank Digital Currency 　India
221. Present　National Bank 　Austria

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